Table 2

Mean number of sickness absence (SA)/disability pension (DP) net days and mean productivity losses per individual, among 23 176 people with incident back pain in 2010 and 115 880 matched references, in the 12 months after inclusion, for all those included, and in relation to sociodemographic characteristics and multimorbidity.

	Mean SA/DP days		Mean cost per person and year (€)			T-test
	Difference	References	Back pain	References	Back pain	(P value)
Sex
Women	86	34	10 376	4102	6274	<0.0001
Men	60	24	7239	2896	4343	<0.0001
Age
19–29 years	36	12	4343	1448	2895	<0.0001
30–39 years	51	15	6153	1810	4343	<0.0001
40–49 years	73	27	8807	3257	5550	<0.0001
50–60 years	112	53	13 512	6394	7118	<0.0001
Educational level
Elementary school	110	68	13 271	8204	5067	<0.0001
High school	77	29	9290	3499	5791	<0.0001
University/college	46	14	5550	1689	3861	<0.0001
Type of living area
Big cities	62	27	7480	3257	4223	<0.0001
Medium-sized cities	78	29	9410	3499	5912	<0.0001
Rural areas	88	33	10 617	3981	6636	<0.0001
Country of birth
Sweden	71	26	8566	3137	5429	<0.0001
Nordic countries (except Sweden)	110	51	13 271	6153	7118	<0.0001
EU 25 (excluding Nordic countries)	82	40	9893	4826	5067	<0.0001
Rest of the world	81	39	9772	4705	5067	<0.0001
Occupational group
White collar	40	11	4826	1327	3499	<0.0001
Blue collar	77	24	9290	2896	6394	<0.0001
Missing	138	99	16 649	11 944	4705	<0.0001
Family situation
Married or cohabitant without children	99	41	11 944	4947	6997	<0.0001
Married or cohabitant with children	59	17	7118	2051	5067	<0.0001
Single without children	83	39	10 014	4705	5308	<0.0001
Single with children	86	35	10 376	4223	6153	<0.0001
Inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare for different diagnoses
Depressive disorder (F32–F34)	155	116	18 700	13 995	4705	<0.0001
Other mental disorders (other F)*	143	114	17 252	13 754	3499	<0.0001
Neoplasms (C00–D48)	102	45	12 306	5429	6877	<0.0001
Diseases of the circulatory system (I00–I99)	125	70	15 081	8445	6636	<0.0001
Other†	77	32	9290	3861	5429	<0.0001
No other diagnoses other than back pain (M54)	22	n.a.	2654	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
All individuals
	74	29	8928	3499	5429	<0.0001

Inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare for different diagnoses was defined in the 12 months before inclusion in the cohorts. The presence of depressive and other mental disorders, neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system or other diseases was defined using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems information from National Patient Register (secondary healthcare). For patients with back pain, these diagnoses were assumed to be in addition to the back pain diagnosis the patients had. Information for patients with back pain without any other diagnoses is also presented in this table (not relevant for the reference population).
*Including Z73.0.
†Excluding missing data, Z73.0 and O80.
n.a., not applicable.