Characteristics | Overall (N=20 228) | SARS-CoV-2-negative (n=18 677) | SARS-CoV-2-positive (n=1551) | OR (95% CI)* |
Age, mean (SD) | 51.1 (19.0) | 51.0 (19.1) | 52.1 (18.1) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) |
Age categories (%), years | ||||
Up to 35 | 25.1 | 25.5 | 20.9 | Reference category |
36–50 | 25 | 24.9 | 27 | 1.32 (1.14 to 1.54) |
51–75 | 38.7 | 38.5 | 40.8 | 1.29 (1.12 to 1.48) |
>75 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.49) |
Female (%) | 61.9 | 62.3 | 58.3 | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.94) |
Race (%)† | ||||
White | 62.3 | 62.9 | 55.7 | Reference category |
Black | 21.6 | 21 | 28.8 | 1.55 (1.37 to 1.75) |
Asian | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.44) |
Mixed/other | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.36 (0.88 to 2.11) |
Hispanic (%)‡ | 17.8 | 16.8 | 29.2 | 2.02 (1.79 to 2.27) |
Median zip household income (IQR)§ | 70 658 (53 313–99 276) | 70 758 (53 633–100 107) | 66 523 (50 485–94 226) | −4168¶ (−6463.2 to −1872.8) |
Median zip household income pentiles (%) | ||||
I: 13 893–50 485 | 18.2 | 17.8 | 23.6 | Reference category |
II: 50 642–65 805 | 18.4 | 18.1 | 21.2 | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.04) |
III: 65 897–79 869 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 19.6 | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.96) |
IV: 80 039–106 067 | 18.6 | 19 | 13.7 | 0.55 (0.46 to 0.65) |
V: 106 415–240 417 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 16.1 | 0.71 (0.60 to0.83) |
Median (IQR) population density** | 2797.2 (1439.1–4260.9) | 2797.2 (1439.1–4211.4) | 3320.3 (1904.4–4439.7) | 523.1¶ (454.9 to 591.3) |
Median population density pentiles (%) | ||||
I: 1.5–1026.6 | 18.2 | 18.6 | 13.5 | Reference category |
II: 1034.6–2306.3 | 19 | 19.1 | 18.1 | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.58) |
III: 2330.8–3328.9 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 18.3 | 1.45 (1.21 to 1.75) |
IV: 3360.1–4665.6 | 18.1 | 17.8 | 22.1 | 1.71 (1.43 to 2.05) |
V: 4742.6–98 025.9 | 18.1 | 17.7 | 22.6 | 1.76 (1.47 to 2.10) |
Insurance status (%) | ||||
Medicare | 29 | 29.1 | 27.2 | Reference category |
Medicaid | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.26) |
Private/employer-based | 42.6 | 43.2 | 36.4 | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.03) |
Healthcare exchange | 1.7 | 1.6 | 3 | 2.02 (1.46 to 2.80) |
Self-pay | 20.6 | 20 | 28.4 | 1.52 (1.33 to 1.75) |
Veterans affairs | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.54 (0.29 to 1.00) |
CCI, median (IQR) | 2 (0–6) | 2 (0–6) | 2 (0–5) | 0 (−0.36 to 0.36)** |
CCI categories (%) | ||||
0 | 33.1 | 33.4 | 30.4 | Reference category |
1–2 | 23.7 | 23.1 | 28.6 | 1.35 (1.18 to 1.54) |
3–6 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 20.4 | 0.10 (0.65 to 1.28) |
>6 | 22.9 | 23.1 | 20.6 | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.13) |
Hypertension | 47.2 | 47.1 | 48.4 | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.17) |
Diabetes (without complications) | 24.2 | 23.7 | 30.3 | 1.40 (1.24 to 1.57) |
Obesity | 28 | 28.2 | 25.2 | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.96) |
*Unadjusted OR and 95% CI for the association between individual covariates in SARS-CoV-2 positivity.
†Race: missing, unknown, declined, n=1157 (5.7%).
‡Ethnicity: missing, unknown, declined, n=613 (3.0%).
§2018 inflation-adjusted US dollars. Missing, n=1883 (9.3%). Pentiles were defined by categorising the ordered distribution of median income into five categories.
¶Difference in median and 95% CI of the difference obtained via quantile regression.
**Population density: missing, n=1854 (9.2%). Pentiles were defined by categorising the ordered distribution of population density into five categories.
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CURATOR, COVID-19 Surveillance and Outcomes Registry; HM, Houston Methodist; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.