Table 1

Characteristics of included studies

	Study design	Number joints (hip/knees)	Gender (male:female)	Country origin	Mean age (years)	Follow-up duration (months)	Pain outcome measures	Functional outcome measures
Ahedi et al54	Observational cohort	198 hips	111:87	Australia	UTD	132	WOMAC Pain	NA
Akelman et al20	RCT	107 knee	UTD	USA	23.5	84	KOOS pain; SF-36 Body pain	SF-36 Physical; AP laxity; IKDC2000
Amin et al55	Observational cohort	265 knees	152:113	USA	67	30	VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Antony et al56	Observational cohort	463 knees	245:218	USA	63	24	WOMAC Pain	NA
Arden et al57	RCT	474 knees	185:289	UK	64	36	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Ayral et al58	RCT	665 knees	259:406	Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Norway, Spain, UK, USA	61.3	12	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Baselga Garcia-Escudero and Miguel Hernández Trillos59	Observational cohort	118 knees	43:75	Spain	59.1	24	NRS; WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Bevers et al60	Observational cohort	125 knees	57:68	The Netherlands	57	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Bingham et al53	RCT	2483 knees	735:1748	USA Canada Austria Czech Republic France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy The Netherlands Poland Croatia	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Birmingham et al61	Observational cohort	126 knees	100:26	Canada	47.5	24	KOOS Pain	KOOS Function; SF-36 Physical; LEFS
Bisicchia et al52	RCT	150 knees	47:103	Italy	UTD	12	VAS Pain; SF-36	SF-36
Brandt et al62	RCT	431 knees	0:431	USA	54.9	30	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Brown et al51	RCT	690 knees	270:420	USA	UTD	32 weeks	WOMAC Pain; NRS weekly pain	WOMAC Function; SF-36 Function
Brown et al50	RCT	621 hips	237:384	USA	UTD	32 weeks	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Bruyere et al63	RCT	319 knee	0:319	Belgium	64.0	36	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Campbell et al49	RCT	100 knees	28:72	Australia	UTD	120	American Knee Society Score; WOMAC Pain	American Knee Society Score (function); WOMAC Function
Chandrasekaran et al48	Case control	111 hips	66:45	USA	UTD	24	Modified Harris Hip Score; Nonarthritic hip score; VAS Pin	Modified Harris Hip Score; Nonarthritic hip score; Hip Outcome Score; Sports & ADLs
Chandrasekaran et al47	Case control	186 hips	96:90	USA	UTD	24	Modified Harris Hip Score; Nonarthritic hip score; VAS Pin	Modified Harris Hip Score; Nonarthritic hip score; Hip Outcome Score; Sports & ADLs
Conrozier et al 64	RCT	205 knees	88:117	France	65	26	WOMAC Pain; NRS walking pain	WOMAC Function
Davis et al19	Case control	3132 knees	UTD	USA	UTD	48	WOMAC Pain; KOOS Pain	WOMAC Function
Dougados et al46	RCT	507 hips	202:305	France	UTD	36	VAS Pain	Lequesne Index
Dowsey et al65	Observational cohort	478 knees	147:331	Australia	70.8	24	IKSS Pain	IKSS Function
Eckstein et al45	RCT	1412 knees	611:801	Austria	UTD	48	WOMAC Pain	NA
Ettinger et al44	RCT	439 knees	131:308	USA	UTD	18	Pain intensity score	Physical Test
Felson et al66	Observational cohort	3498 knees	867:1206	USA	61.2	30	WOMAC Pain	PASE
Felson et al67	Observational cohort	330 knees	111:2111	USA	62.1	15	NA	Quadriceps strength (N)
Filardo et al43	RCT	183 knees	112:71	Italy	UTD	48	KOOS Pain; IKDC	KOOS Function; Tegner; IKDC
Glass et al42	Observational cohort	4648 knees	918:1486	USA	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain; NRS Pain	WOMAC Function
Guermazi et al41	Case control	493 knees	185:308	USA	UTD	60	WOMAC Pain	PASE
Hamilton et al68	Observational cohort	805 knees	416:289	UK	66	30	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Hellio le Graverand et al69	RCT	1457 knees	343:1114	USA Canada Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Argentina Peru	61.0	180	Oxford Knee Score	Oxford Knee Score; American Knee Society Score; Tegner
Henriksen et al40	RCT	157 knees	28:129	Denmark	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Hill et al5	RCT	202 knees	102:100	Australia	61	12	KOO Pain	KOOS Function and kinematic assessment
Hochberg et al70	RCT	522 knees	84:438	France Germany Poland Spain	62.7	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Hoeksma et al71	RCT	109 hips	33:76	The Netherlands	72	6	WOMAC Pain; Huskisson’s VAS; EQ-5D Pain	WOMAC Function; EQ-5D Function
Housman et al 39	RCT	391 knees	130:261	USA Canada France UK Germany	UTD	6	SF-36 Body Pain; Harris Hip Score; VAS Pain	SF-36 Function; Harris Hip Score; ROM
Huang et al72	RCT	264 knees	39:93	Taiwan	62	6	WOMAC Pain	NA
Huizinga et al73	Observational cohort	298 knees	201:97	The Netherlands	51	12	VAS Pain	Lequesne index; walking speed
Jin et al6	RCT	413 knees	205:208	Australia	63.2	24	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Kahn et al74	Observational cohort	174 knees	70:102	USA	67.0	6	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Karsdal et al38	RCT	2207 knees	773:1424	Denmark	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Katz et al37	RCT	330 knees	143:187	USA	UTD	12	KOO Pain	WOMAC Function; SF-36 Function
Kim et al75	RCT	352 knees	9:153	Republic of Korea	68.1	144	WOMAC	Knee Society Knee Score Function; ROM; UCLA Activity
Kinds et al18	RCT	565 knees	UTD	The Netherlands	UTD	60	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Kongtharvonskul et al 36	RCT	148 knees	25:123	Thailand	UTD	6	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Lequesne et al76	RCT	163 hips	102:61	France	63.2	24	VAS Pain	Lequesne Index
Lohmander et al35	RCT	170 knees	52:116	Bulgaria Canada Croatia Finland Germany Poland Serbia Africa Sweden USA	UTD	12	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Maheu et al8	RCT	345 hips	159:186	France	62.2	36	WOMAC Pain; Global Hip Pain	Lequesne Index; WOMAC Function; Global handicap NRS
Marsh et al34	RCT	168 knees	57:112	Canada	UTD	24	WOMAC	WOMAC
McAlindion et al33	RCT	146 knees	57:89	USA	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Messier et al32	RCT	316 knees	89:227	USA	UTD	18	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Messier et al77	RCT	142 knees	37:105	USA	68.5	18	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Messier et al78	RCT	454 knees	128:325	USA	66	18	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test; SF-36 Physical
Michel et al31	RCT	300 knees	146:154	Switzerland	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Muraki et al79	Observational cohort	1558 knees	553:1005	Japan	67.0	40	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function;
Muraki et al80	Observational cohort	1525 knees	546:979	Japan	67.0	40	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Pavelka et al30	RCT	277 knees; 117 hips	109:285	Czech Republic	58	60	NA	Lequesne Index
Pavelka et al81	RCT	202 knees	45:157	Czech Republic	UTD	36	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function; Lequesne Index
Pham et al29	Observational cohort	301 knees	97:204	France	UTD	12	VAS Pain	Lequesne Index
Podsiadlo et al28	Observational cohort	114 knees	49:65	Australia	UTD	72	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Rat et al82	RCT	300 knees	118:182	France	67	6	SF-36 Body Pain; OAKHQOL Pain; VAS Pain	Lequense Index; SF-36 Physical; OAKHQOL Physical Activity
Raynauld et al27	RCT	123 knees	44:79	Canada	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Reginster et al26	RCT	212 knees	50:162	Belgium	UTD	36	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Reginster et al83	RCT	1371 knees	425:946	Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Italy Lithuania The Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Spain UK	62.9	36	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Riddle and Jiranek25	Observational cohort	467 knees	209:258	USA	UTD	24	KOOS Pain	WOMAC Function
Romagnoli et al84	Observational cohort	105 knees	16:69	Italy	67.7	66	Knee Society Score Clinical; VAS Pain	Knee Society Score Function; ROM
Roman-Blas et al24	RCT	158 knees	26:132	Spain	UTD	6	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Rozendaal et al31	RCT	222 hips	68:154	The Netherlands	UTD	24	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Sanchez-Ramirez et al85	Observational cohort	186 knees	59:127	Canada	61	24	WOAMC Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Sawitzke et al86	RCT	662 knees	215:447	USA	57	24	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Skou et al87	Observational cohort	1682 knees	434:818	Denmark	62.2	84	WOMAC Pain	PASE; Physical Test
Sowers et al88	Observational cohort	724 knees	0:363	USA	56	132	NA	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Spector et al89	RCT	284 knees	115:169	UK	63.3	12	WOMAC Pain	WOMAC Function
Sun et al90	RCT	121 knees	31:90	Taiwan	63	6	WOMAC Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function; Lequesne Index; Physical Test
Urish et al22	RCT	336 knees	96:67	USA	UTD	36	WOMAC	WOMAC
Valdes et al17	Observational cohort	860 knees; 928 hips	UTD	UK	UTD	38	WOMAC Pain	NA
Van der Esch et al98	Observational cohort	402 knees	64:137	The Netherlands	61.2	24	NRS Pain	WOMAC Function; Physical Test
Weng et al91	RCT	264 knees	26:106	Taiwan	64	12	VAS Pain	Lequesne Index; ROM; Physical Test
White et al92	Observational cohort	2110 knees	992:118	USA	61.0	84	VAS Pain	WOMAC Function
Witt et al93	RCT	294 knees	70:154	Germany	64.0	12	WOMAC Pain; SF-36 Body Pain; VAS Pain	WOMAC Function; SF-36 Function
Yu et al21	Observational cohort	204 knees	74:130	Australia	UTD	12	KOOS Pain; VAS Pain	KOOS ADL; Physical Function
Yusuf et al94	Observational cohort	74 knees; 31 hips; 11 hip and knees	19:98	The Netherlands	60	72	WOMAC Pain; SF-36 Body Pain; Pain on movement	WOMAC Function; SF-36 Function; Physical Test

ADLs, activities of daily living; IKDC, International Knee Documentation Committee; KOOS, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; LEFS, Lower Extremity Functional Scale; NA, not applicable; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; OAKHQOL, Osteoarthritis Knee and Hip quality of Life Questionnaire; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; RCT, randomised controlled trial; ROM, range of motion; SF-36, Short Form-36; UTD, unable to determine; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; WOMAC, Western Ontario and Mcmaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.