Comparison of incidence and HRs of outcomes by medication status by Cox proportional hazard model with time-dependent covariates
| Beta-blocker or combination drug use | |||||
| No | Yes | ||||
| Outcomes | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† |
| Pneumonia | 1 | 1 | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.15) | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.23) | 1.11 (0.54 to 2.28) |
| Acute respiratory failure | 1 | 1 | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.27) | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.35) | 1.37 (0.51 to 3.64) |
| Stroke | 1 | 1 | 1.27 (1.12 to 1.44) | 1.39 (1.23 to 1.58) | 0.72 (0.34 to 1.56) |
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 1 | 1 | 1.07 (0.75 to 1.51) | 1.14 (0.80 to 1.62) | 0.79 (0.34 to 1.83) |
| Ischaemic stroke | 1 | 1 | 1.30 (1.14 to 1.49) | 1.44 (1.26 to 1.65) | 0.57 (0.10 to 3.46) |
| CAD | 1 | 1 | 0.93 (0.88 to 1.00) | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.17) |
Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years.
*Multivariable analysis includes age, gender and comorbidities of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, COPD, asthma, CKD, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, stroke and CAD, and the use of the medications PGA, CAI, alpha agonist and pilocarpine.
†Multivariable analysis includes age, gender, multiplicative interaction of age and sex and comorbidities of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, COPD, asthma, CKD, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, stroke and CAD, and the use of the medications PGA, CAI, alpha agonist and pilocarpine.
CAD, coronary artery disease; CAI, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PGA, prostaglandin analogue; PY, person-years.