Table 1

Patient inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Age ≥18 years Chronic HF according to current European Society of Cardiology guidelines,3 with or without LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF determined using echocardiography (performed within the previous 3 months), radionuclide angiography, left ventriculography or cardiac MRI). Sleep apnoea requiring ASV treatment, where sleep apnoea (AHI >15/hour) is diagnosed based on PG (total recording time) or PSG (total sleep time), with flow measurement performed using a nasal cannula and respiratory effort measured by plethysmography, and defined as follows26: CSA: >50% central events Co-existing CSA-OSA: >20% central events OSA: <20% central events	PAP therapy contraindicated (symptomatic hypotension or significant intravascular volume depletion, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinium or nasal bleeding). Significant COPD or known hypercapnia precluding the use of servo-adapted ventilation. Unable to comply with follow-up protocol. Life-expectancy <1 year for disease unrelated to chronic HF.

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Age ≥18 years
Chronic HF according to current European Society of Cardiology guidelines,3 with or without LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF determined using echocardiography (performed within the previous 3 months), radionuclide angiography, left ventriculography or cardiac MRI).
Sleep apnoea requiring ASV treatment, where sleep apnoea (AHI >15/hour) is diagnosed based on PG (total recording time) or PSG (total sleep time), with flow measurement performed using a nasal cannula and respiratory effort measured by plethysmography, and defined as follows26:
- CSA: >50% central events
- Co-existing CSA-OSA: >20% central events
- OSA: <20% central events

PAP therapy contraindicated (symptomatic hypotension or significant intravascular volume depletion, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinium or nasal bleeding).
Significant COPD or known hypercapnia precluding the use of servo-adapted ventilation.
Unable to comply with follow-up protocol.
Life-expectancy <1 year for disease unrelated to chronic HF.

AHI, Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index; ASV, adaptive servo ventilation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSA, central sleep apnoea; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; PAP, positive airway therapy; PG, polygraphy; PSG, polysomnography.