Baseline characteristics by sex-specific quartiles of energy-adjusted residuals of vitamin K1 intake: the Hordaland Health Study
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P trend* | |
| Subjects, n | 2987 | 746 | 747 | 748 | 746 | |
| Age, years | 48 (47 to 48) | 48 (47 to 48) | 48 (47 to 48) | 48 (48 to 49) | 48 (47 to 49) | 0.135 |
| Men | 1279 (42.8) | 319 (42.8) | 320 (42.8) | 321 (42.9) | 319 (42.8) | 0.993 |
| Any college and/or university education | 1136 (38.3) | 265 (36.0) | 288 (38.9) | 289 (38.8) | 294 (39.6) | 0.018 |
| Family history of CHD | 1183 (40.9) | 314 (43.3) | 309 (42.6) | 286 (39.3) | 274 (38.4) | 0.034 |
| Smoking habits | 0.104 | |||||
| Previous smokers | 914 (31.3) | 214 (29.4) | 227 (30.8) | 237 (32.4) | 236 (32.5) | |
| Current smokers | 978 (33.5) | 239 (32.8) | 231 (31.4) | 261 (35.7) | 247 (34.0) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 741 (25.8) | 198 (27.8) | 201 (28.0) | 188 (26.0) | 154 (21.4) | |
| <1 hour/week | 810 (28.2) | 226 (31.7) | 192 (26.7) | 201 (27.8) | 191 (26.5) | |
| 1–2 hours/week | 907 (31.6) | 207 (29.0) | 239 (33.3) | 226 (31.3) | 235 (32.6) | |
| ≥3 hours/week | 415 (14.4) | 82 (11.5) | 86 (12.0) | 107 (14.8) | 140 (19.4) | |
| Hypertension | 707 (23.7) | 172 (23.1) | 176 (23.6) | 185 (24.7) | 174 (23.3) | 0.945 |
| Glucose intolerance | 0.875 | |||||
| Pre-diabetes | 66 (2.2) | 24 (3.2) | 12 (1.6) | 14 (1.9) | 16 (2.2) | |
| Diabetes | 27 (0.9) | 8 (1.1) | 4 (0.5) | 5 (0.7) | 10 (1.4) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.9 (22.8 to 27.4) | 25.0 (22.8 to 27.4) | 25.0 (22.8 to 27.6) | 24.9 (22.9 to 27.5) | 24.7 (22.6 to 27.2) | 0.148 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.0 (77.0 to 94.0) | 85.0 (77.0 to 94.0) | 85.0 (77.0 to 94.0) | 85.0 (77.0 to 93.0) | 85.0 (76.0 to 93.0) | 0.266 |
| Serum cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.65 (5.06 to 6.30) | 5.58 (5.05 to 6.25) | 5.70 (5.11 to 6.44) | 5.66 (5.05 to 6.27) | 5.65 (5.03 to 6.25) | 0.331 |
| Serum LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.56 (3.01 to 4.17) | 3.53 (2.98 to 4.14) | 3.65 (3.06 to 4.29) | 3.56 (3.02 to 4.11) | 3.54 (2.94 to 4.10) | 0.072 |
| Serum HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.53) | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.52) | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.51) | 1.27 (1.05 to 1.53) | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.58) | 0.004 |
| Serum triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.40 (1.01 to 2.03) | 1.43 (1.01 to 2.02) | 1.39 (1.00 to 1.99) | 1.39 (1.04 to 2.11) | 1.38 (0.98 to 2.05) | 0.462 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 2057 (1690 to 2550) | 2152 (1712 to 2671) | 1944 (1608 to 2353) | 2032 (1627 to 2485) | 2171 (1775 to 2687) | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total vitamin K, µg/day | 120 (85 to 175) | 78 (58 to 99) | 95 (76 to 118) | 137 (111 to 161) | 234 (189 to 301) | <0.001 |
| Total vitamin K, µg/day/1000 kcal | 56 (43 to 79) | 36 (31 to 42) | 49 (44 to 55) | 65 (57 to 76) | 105 (84 to 144) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K2, µg/day | 15 (11 to 21) | 16 (12 to 22) | 14 (11 to 20) | 15 (11 to 20) | 15 (12 to 20) | 0.336 |
| Vitamin K2, µg/day/1000 kcal | 7 (6 to 9) | 8 (6 to 9) | 7 (6 to 9) | 7 (6 to 9) | 7 (6 to 9) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K1, µg/day | 103 (69 to 157) | 61 (44 to 77) | 81 (63 to 101) | 121 (99 to 143) | 218 (172 to 282) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K1 µg/day/1000 kcal | 48 (35 to 71) | 29 (23 to 33) | 41 (37 to 47) | 58 (50 to 67) | 98 (77 to 136) | <0.001 |
| Total fat, E% | 32 (29 to 36) | 32 (28 to 35) | 33 (29 to 36) | 33 (30 to 37) | 33 (29 to 36) | <0.001 |
| SFA, E% | 13 (11 to 14) | 13 (11 to 14) | 13 (11 to 14) | 13 (11 to 14) | 12 (11 to 14) | 0.004 |
| PUFA, E% | 7 (6 to 8) | 6 (5 to 7) | 7 (6 to 8) | 7 (6 to 9) | 7 (6 to 9) | <0.001 |
| MUFA, E% | 10 (9 to 12) | 10 (9 to 11) | 10 (9 to 12) | 11 (9 to 12) | 10 (9 to 12) | 0.357 |
| Protein, E% | 16 (14 to 17) | 16 (14 to 17) | 16 (14 to 17) | 16 (14 to 17) | 16 (15 to 18) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates, E% | 49 (46 to 53) | 50 (47 to 54) | 50 (46 to 53) | 49 (45 to 52) | 48 (45 to 52) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol, E% | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 2 (0 to 3) | 2 (1 to 3) | 0.001 |
| Folate, µg/day/1000 kcal | 110 (95 to 133) | 99 (88 to 113) | 105 (93 to 121) | 112 (98 to 131) | 135 (113 to 164) | <0.001 |
| Fibre, g/day/1000 kcal | 11 (10 to 13) | 10 (9 to 12) | 11 (10 to 13) | 11 (10 to 13) | 13 (11 to 16) | <0.001 |
| Intake of food items, g/day/1000 kcal | ||||||
| Butter† | 0 (1.2) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (1.1) | 0 (1.1) | 0 (1.2) | 0.749 |
| Margarine | 3 (2 to 8) | 2 (1 to 3) | 3 (2 to 8) | 3 (2 to 11) | 3 (2 to 9) | <0.001 |
| Cheese | 13 (7 to 21) | 15 (8 to 24) | 13 (7 to 22) | 12 (7 to 19) | 12 (6 to 20) | <0.001 |
| Yoghurt | 5 (0 to 18) | 6 (0 to 21) | 5 (0 to 16) | 6 (0 to 18) | 5 (0 to 17) | 0.740 |
| Milk and milk products | 129 (65 to 205) | 157 (86 to 230) | 134 (71 to 220) | 127 (57 to 193) | 105 (51 to 174) | <0.001 |
| Sausages | 20 (2 to 49) | 17 (1 to 47) | 18 (1 to 47) | 21 (4 to 53) | 21 (5 to 53) | 0.067 |
| Meat | 55 (41 to 70) | 54 (39 to 68) | 55 (42 to 73) | 56 (43 to 70) | 53 (40 to 67) | 0.651 |
| Minced meat | 24 (16 to 34) | 25 (15 to 35) | 25 (16 to 35) | 25 (16 to 34) | 22 (14 to 31) | <0.001 |
| Soft drinks with sugar | 25 (0 to 65) | 31 (3 to 76) | 28 (2 to 69) | 24 (0 to 61) | 18 (0 to 51) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and berries | 104 (65 to 154) | 91 (56 to 132) | 103 (67 to 150) | 105 (68 to 167) | 114 (71 to 164) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | 85 (54 to 131) | 49 (35 to 72) | 74 (53 to 101) | 98 (67 to 134) | 154 (104 to 212) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as N (%) and median (interquartile range) for continuous and categorical data, respectively.
*Logistic regression for dichotomous categories, ordered logistic regression when more than two categories and linear regression for continuous variables where median residuals within each quartile group was used as the independent variable in the analyses.
†Mean (median) are reported due to a large proportion with zero intake.
CHD, coronary heart disease; E%, energy per cent; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; Q, quartile; SFA, saturated fatty acids.