Baseline characteristics by sex-specific quartiles of energy-adjusted residuals of vitamin K2 intake: the Hordaland Health Study
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P trend* | |
| Subjects, n | 2987 | 746 | 747 | 747 | 747 | |
| Age, years | 48 (47 to 48) | 48 (47 to 49) | 48 (47 to 48) | 48 (47 to 49) | 48 (47 to 48) | 0.600 |
| Men | 1279 (42.8) | 319 (42.8) | 320 (42.8) | 320 (42.8) | 320 (42.8) | 0.977 |
| Any college and/or university education | 1136 (38.3) | 261 (35.3) | 272 (36.8) | 284 (38.3) | 319 (42.9) | 0.001 |
| Family history of CHD | 1183 (40.9) | 292 (40.7) | 308 (42.1) | 284 (39.3) | 299 (41.6) | 0.904 |
| Smoking habits | 0.267 | |||||
| Previous smokers | 914 (31.3) | 217 (29.7) | 241 (33.1) | 229 (31.2) | 227 (31.1) | |
| Current smokers | 978 (33.5) | 239 (32.7) | 244 (33.5) | 240 (32.7) | 255 (34.9) | |
| Physical activity | 0.114 | |||||
| None | 741 (25.8) | 185 (25.8) | 181 (25.5) | 194 (26.9) | 181 (25.0) | |
| <1 hour/week | 810 (28.2) | 189 (26.3) | 179 (25.2) | 224 (31.0) | 218 (30.2) | |
| 1–2 hours/week | 907 (31.6) | 214 (29.8) | 244 (34.4) | 224 (31.0) | 225 (31.1) | |
| ≥3 hours/week | 415 (14.4) | 130 (18.1) | 106 (14.9) | 80 (11.1) | 99 (13.7) | |
| Hypertension | 707 (23.7) | 185 (24.8) | 180 (24.1) | 184 (24.6) | 158 (21.2) | 0.100 |
| Glucose intolerance | 0.543 | |||||
| Pre-diabetes | 66 (2.2) | 18 (2.4) | 15 (2.0) | 17 (2.3) | 16 (2.2) | |
| Diabetes | 27 (0.9) | 6 (0.8) | 7 (0.9) | 2 (0.3) | 12 (1.6) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.9 (22.8 to 27.4) | 24.8 (22.7 to 27.4) | 25.1 (23.0 to 27.5) | 25.0 (22.9 to 27.3) | 24.8 (22.6 to 27.4) | 0.830 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85 (77 to 94) | 84 (77 to 93) | 85 (77 to 94) | 85 (77 to 94) | 85 (76 to 93) | 0.724 |
| Serum cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.65 (5.06 to 6.30) | 5.66 (5.02 to 6.30) | 5.64 (5.07 to 6.36) | 5.7 (5.1 to 6.32) | 5.57 (5.05 to 6.20) | 0.124 |
| Serum LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.56 (3.01 to 4.17) | 3.57 (3.00 to 4.14) | 3.58 (2.99 to 4.19) | 3.60 (3.07 to 4.24) | 3.52 (2.97 to 4.09) | 0.227 |
| Serum HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.53) | 1.27 (1.03 to 1.52) | 1.27 (1.07 to 1.54) | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.55) | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.54) | 0.043 |
| Serum triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.40 (1.01 to 2.03) | 1.44 (1.04 to 2.16) | 1.40 (1.00 to 2.05) | 1.39 (1.01 to 1.99) | 1.36 (0.97 to 1.96) | 0.022 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 2057 (1690 to 2550) | 2098 (1682 to 2645) | 1976 (1603 to 2398) | 2014 (1653 to 2469) | 2215 (1795 to 2637) | 0.002 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total vitamin K, µg/day | 120 (85 to 175) | 119 (82 to 179) | 116 (78 to 169) | 114 (83 to 165) | 133 (94 to 186) | 0.728 |
| Total vitamin K, µg/day/1000 kcal | 56 (43 to 79) | 56 (40 to 80) | 55 (42 to 81) | 55 (43 to 76) | 59 (46 to 80) | 0.011 |
| Vitamin K2, µg/day | 15 (11 to 21) | 10 (8 to 13) | 13 (11 to 16) | 16 (14 to 19) | 24 (21 to 29) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K2, µg/day/1000 kcal | 7 (6 to 9) | 5 (4 to 5) | 7 (6 to 7) | 8 (8 to 9) | 11 (10 to 13) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K1, µg/day | 103 (69 to 157) | 109 (72 to 167) | 101 (67 to 155) | 97 (67 to 149) | 104 (71 to 156) | 0.329 |
| Vitamin K1, µg/day/1000 kcal | 48 (35 to 71) | 51 (36 to 78) | 49 (35 to 74) | 46 (35 to 67) | 47 (34 to 68) | 0.038 |
| Total fat, E% | 32 (29 to 36) | 30 (27 to 34) | 31 (29 to 35) | 33 (30 to 36) | 35 (32 to 38) | <0.001 |
| SFA, E% | 13 (11 to 14) | 11 (19 to 12) | 12 (11 to 13) | 13 (12 to 14) | 14 (13 to 16) | <0.001 |
| PUFA, E% | 7 (6 to 8) | 7 (6 to 9) | 7 (6 to 8) | 7 (6 to 8) | 6 (6 to 8) | <0.001 |
| MUFA, E% | 10 (9 to 12) | 10 (8 to 11) | 10 (9 to 11) | 11 (10 to 12) | 11 (10 to 12) | <0.001 |
| Protein, E% | 16 (14 to 17) | 15 (13 to 16) | 16 (14 to 17) | 16 (15 to 17) | 16 (15 to 18) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates, E% | 49 (46 to 53) | 53 (49 to 57) | 50 (47 to 53) | 48 (45 to 51) | 46 (43 to 49) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol, E% | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 0.387 |
| Calcium, mg/day/1000 kcal | 385 (313 to 468) | 332 (264 to 410) | 373 (302 to 448) | 389 (329 to 464) | 443 (374 to 538) | <0.001 |
| Fibre, g/day/1000 kcal | 11 (10 to 13) | 12 (11 to 15) | 12 (10 to 13) | 11 (9 to 13) | 11 (9 to 12) | <0.001 |
| Intake of food items, g/day/1000 kcal | ||||||
| Butter† | 0 (1.2) | 0 (0.5) | 0 (1.0) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Margarine | 3 (2 to 8) | 3 (2 to 10) | 3 (2 to 7) | 3 (2 to 8) | 3 (2 to 5) | <0.001 |
| Egg | 8 (4 to 11) | 5 (3 to 8) | 8 (5 to 11) | 8 (5 to 12) | 8 (4 to 11) | <0.001 |
| Cheese | 13 (7 to 21) | 7 (3 to 12) | 10 (6 to 15) | 14 (9 to 20) | 25 (17 to 34) | <0.001 |
| Yoghurt | 5 (0 to 18) | 4 (0 to 15) | 5 (0 to 17) | 6 (0 to 19) | 5 (0 to 19) | 0.456 |
| Milk and milk products | 129 (65 to 205) | 127 (51 to 209) | 144 (82 to 213) | 135 (69 to 209) | 112 (55 to 181) | <0.001 |
| Sausage | 20 (2 to 49) | 21 (2 to 53) | 22 (3 to 53) | 21 (3 to 50) | 17 (2 to 42) | <0.001 |
| Meat | 55 (41 to 70) | 47 (33 to 58) | 56 (43 to 71) | 61 (46 to 77) | 58 (42 to 76) | <0.001 |
| Minced meat | 24 (16 to 34) | 19 (12 to 28) | 24 (16 to 33) | 27 (18 to 37) | 27 (17 to 36) | <0.001 |
| Soft drinks with sugar | 25 (0 to 65) | 29 (1 to 72) | 26 (0 to 66) | 26 (2 to 64) | 23 (0 to 54) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and berries | 104 (65 to 154) | 116 (74 to 174) | 105 (67 to 162) | 100 (64 to 149) | 93 (57 to 135) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | 85 (54 to 131) | 85 (50 to 133) | 90 (58 to 139) | 82 (55 to 125) | 84 (53 to 122) | 0.006 |
Values are presented as N(%) and median (interquartile range) for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
*Logistic regression for dichotomous categories, ordered logistic regression when more than two categories and linear regression for continuous variables where median residuals within each quartile group was used as the independent variable in the analyses.
†Mean (median) are reported due to a large proportion with zero intake.
CHD, coronary heart disease; E%, energy per cent; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; Q, quartile; SFA, saturated fatty acids.