Table 2

Characteristics of individual studies

Study	N	Type of transplant	Setting	Type of intervention	Measures	Intervention	Comparator	Primary outcomes	Time (months)
Behavioural interventions (n=6)
Clowers-Webb 200630	202	Kidney, liver, heart, pancreas, lung, heart/lung, other§	Single centre, USA	Behavioural	Self-reported questionnaire	Repetitive written material	Standard care	Knowledge and behaviour	10
Robinson 201133	75	Kidney	USA	Behavioural	Self-reported questionnaire	Workbook	Standard care	Knowledge and behaviour	1
Robinson 201431	101	Kidney	Single centre, USA	Behavioural	Self-reported questionnaire Physical examination	Workbook Text messages	Standard care	Knowledge and behaviour	1.5
Robinson 201524 ‡	170	Kidney	Multicentre, USA	Behavioural	Self-reported questionnaire	Mobile app program	Standard care	Knowledge and behaviour	0.5
Robinson 201632	170	Kidney	Multicentre, USA	Behavioural	Self-reported questionnaire Physical examination	Mobile app program	Standard care	Knowledge and behaviour	1.5
Trinh 201428 *	100	Kidney, liver, lung	Single centre, USA	Behavioural	Self-reported questionnaire	Video	Pamphlet	Knowledge	1 day
Switch to mTORis (n=7)
Alberu 201139	830	Kidney	Multicentre§	Switch to mTORis	Investigator-reported adverse events	Conversion to sirolimus	CNI	Cancer incidence	24
Campbell 201241	86	Kidney	Multicentre, Australia, New Zealand, USA	Switch to mTORis	Physical examination +/− biopsy	Conversion to sirolimus	CNI	Cancer incidence	12
Carroll 201325 *	32	Kidney	Multicentre, UK	Switch to mTORis	Physical examination +/− biopsy	Conversion to prednisolone and sirolimus	CNI/AZA	Cancer incidence	24
Euvrard 20121 64	120	Kidney	Multicentre, France	Switch to mTORis	Physical examination +/− biopsy	Conversion to sirolimus	CNI	Cancer incidence	24
Hoogendijk-van den Akker 201343	155	Kidney	Multicentre, Netherlands, UK	Switch to mTORis	Physical examination +/− biopsy	Conversion to sirolimus	AZA/MMF/ CNI	Cancer incidence	24
Salgo 201035	44	Kidney	Single centre, Germany	Switch to mTORis	Physical examination +/− biopsy Clinical photographs	Conversion to sirolimus and prednisone	AZA/MMF/ CNI	Precancerous skin dysplasia incidence	12
Pharmaceutical interventions – Photodynamic therapy (n=4); oral retinoids (n=3); nicotinamide (n=1); 5% imiquimod cream (n=1)
Bavinck 199540	44	Kidney	Multicentre, Netherlands	Oral retinoid	Physical examination +/− biopsy	Acitretin	Placebo	Cancer incidence precancerous lesion reduction	6
Brown 200538	21	Kidney	Multicentre, UK	Topical immune response modifier cream	Physical examination +/− biopsy Clinical mapping and photographs	5% Imiquimod cream	Placebo	Reduction of precancerous lesions	4
Chen 201629 *	22	Kidney	Single centre, Australia	Nicotinamide	Physical examination	Nicotinamide	Placebo	Cancer incidence	6
de Sevaux 200326 *	26	Kidney	Single centre, Netherlands	Oral retinoid	Physical examination +/- biopsy	High dose acitretin	Low dose acitretin	Cancer and precancerous incidence	12
Dragieva 200436	17	Kidney, heart	Single centre, Switzerland	Photodynamic therapy	Physical examination +/− biopsy Clinical photographs	Methyl aminolevulinate cream	Placebo	Precancerous lesion response	4
George 200242	23	Kidney	Multicentre, Australia	Oral retinoid	Physical examination Annual radiological evaluation	Acitretin	Drug-free period	Cancer incidence	24
Togsverd-Bo 201527 *†	25	Kidney	Single centre, Denmark	Photodynamic therapy	Physical examination Clinical photographs	Methyl aminolevulinate cream	No treatment contralateral area	Actinic keratosis incidence	36
Togsverd-Bo 201737 †	35	Kidney, lung, liver	Multicentre, Denmark and Sweden	Photodynamic therapy	Physical examination Questionnaire/diary	Methyl aminolevulinate cream	5% Imiquimoid cream	Actinic keratosis lesion response	6
Wulf 200644 †	27	Kidney	Multicentre, Denmark and Netherlands	Photodynamic therapy	Clinical mapping and photographs	Methyl aminolevulinate cream	No treatment contralateral area	Cancer incidence	12

*Excluded from analyses—no meaningful data to extract.
†Randomised controlled areas of skin on individuals.
‡Excluded from analyses—same participants as Robinson 2016.
§111 centres in Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, North America (Canada, Mexico, USA), South Africa and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile).
AZA, azathioprine; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; mTORis, mammalian target of rapamaycin inhibitors.