Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants (n=209)
| Participant characteristics | N (%) or mean (±SD) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 168 (80.4) |
| Female | 41 (19.6) |
| Age (years) | 60.2 (±10.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (±5.2) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.3 (±9.4) |
| Primary treatment | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 123 (58.9) |
| Insulin injections | 15 (7.2) |
| Insulin injections and oral hypoglycemic agents | 44 (21.1) |
| Other injectable medications (other than insulin) | 14 (6.7) |
| Lifestyle | 13 (6.2) |
| Number of diabetes-related complications (0–6)* | 0.57 (±0.86) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 (±1.2) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 56 (±13.1) |
| Education (years) | 13.9 (±2.3) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 151 (72.2) |
| Unmarried/divorced/bereaved | 58 (27.8) |
| Self-stigma† | 71.1 (±16.6) |
| Self-esteem‡ | 27.7 (±3.6) |
| Self-efficacy§ | 10.1 (±4.1) |
| Depression symptoms¶ | 4.2 (±4.3) |
| Patient activation** | 51.8 (±9.3) |
*The Diabetes Complications Index.
†The Japanese version of the scale (SSS-J).
‡The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
§The General Self-Efficacy Scale.
¶The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
**The Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13).
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c level.