Association between sociodemographic characteristics and current contraceptive use among women (15–49 years) in rural Zambia (logistic regression model)
| Variable | Modern contraceptive use | |||||
| Crude | Adjusted | |||||
| OR | CI (95%) | P value | AOR | CI (95%) | P value | |
| Age (years)* (ref=15–19) | ||||||
| 20–29 | 1.34 | 1.05 to 1.72 | 0.020 | 0.92 | 0.65 to 1.30 | 0.637 |
| 30–39 | 1.46 | 1.14 to 1.87 | 0.003 | 0.81 | 0.54 to 1.20 | 0.284 |
| 40–49 | 0.82 | 0.63 to 1.06 | 0.126 | 0.49 | 0.32 to 0.75 | <0.001 |
| Highest education level (ref=no education) | ||||||
| Primary | 1.48 | 1.25 to 1.76 | <0.001 | 1.25 | 0.98 to 1.60 | 0.067 |
| Secondary | 2.16 | 1.76 to 2.64 | <0.001 | 1.61 | 1.20 to 2.17 | 0.002 |
| Higher | 4.06 | 2.33 to 7.07 | <0.001 | 2.39 | 1.00 to 5.72 | 0.050 |
| Religion (ref=Catholic) | ||||||
| Other | 0.83 | 0.72 to 0.97 | 0.017 | 0.77 | 0.63 to 0.93 | 0.007 |
| Wealth index (ref=poorest) | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.33 | 1.15 to 1.54 | <0.001 | 1.10 | 0.91 to 1.32 | 0.333 |
| Middle | 1.64 | 1.40 to 1.91 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.10 to 1.66 | 0.005 |
| Richer | 2.34 | 1.90 to 2.88 | <0.001 | 2.04 | 1.50 to 2.81 | <0.001 |
| Richest | 2.64 | 1.79 to 3.88 | <0.001 | 1.95 | 1.05 to 3.62 | 0.034 |
| Husband/partner’s educational level (ref=no education) | ||||||
| Primary | 1.13 | 0.91 to 1.40 | 0.258 | 0.95 | 0.71 to 1.27 | 0.721 |
| secondary | 1.47 | 1.18 to 1.84 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.74 to 1.36 | 0.987 |
| Higher | 2.45 | 1.71 to 3.52 | <0.001 | 0.80 | 0.44 to 1.45 | 0.466 |
| Do not know | 0.95 | 0.64 to 1.41 | 0.801 | 1.02 | 0.61 to 1.72 | 0.934 |
| Pregnancy miscarried, aborted or stillbirth (ref=no) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.72 | 0.61 to 0.85 | <0.001 | 0.78 | 0.63 to 0.97 | 0.026 |
| Respondent currently working (ref=no) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.85 | 0.76 to 0.75 | 0.006 | 0.88 | 0.75 to 1.04 | 0.128 |
| Parity* (ref=0) | ||||||
| 1–2 | 13.93 | 6.78 to 28.62 | <0.001 | 5.31 | 2.22 to 12.68 | <0.001 |
| 3–4 | 16.53 | 8.05 to 33.94 | <0.001 | 7.06 | 2.95 to 16.92 | <0.001 |
| 5+ | 15.08 | 7.36 to 30.88 | <0.001 | 8.02 | 3.33 to 19.33 | <0.001 |
| Visited by a health worker (ref=no) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.45 | 1.24 to 1.70 | <0.001 | 1.20 | 0.97 to 1.45 | 0.088 |
| At health facility, told family planning (ref=no) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.75 | 1.53 to 2.02 | <0.001 | 1.73 | 1.49 to 2.02 | <0.001 |
| Women empowerment (ref=no) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.29 | 1.06 to 1.57 | 0.011 | 1.19 | 0.90 to 1.56 | 0.227 |
| Husband’s desire for children (ref=both want same) | ||||||
| Husband wants more | 0.83 | 0.72 to 0.96 | 0.013 | 0.89 | 0.73 to 1.07 | 0.201 |
| Husband wants fewer | 1.23 | 0.93 to 1.61 | 0.146 | 1.33 | 0.94 to 1.87 | 0.109 |
| Do not know | 0.61 | 0.53 to 0.70 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.59 to 0.86 | <0.001 |
| Media exposure* (ref=not exposed) | ||||||
| Exposed to at least one media | 1.37 | 1.20 to 1.58 | <0.001 | 1.10 | 0.92 to 1.31 | 0.301 |
| Exposed to at least two media | 1.98 | 1.53 to 2.55 | <0.001 | 1.21 | 0.86 to 1.71 | 0.265 |
| Exposed to all | 2.13 | 1.38 to 3.29 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.53 to 1.72 | 0.871 |
| Age difference* (ref=women same age or older than man) | ||||||
| Man older by <10 years | 1.51 | 1.17 to 1.95 | 0.002 | 1.50 | 1.05 to 2.14 | 0.026 |
| Man older by ≥10 years | 0.91 to 1.60 | 0.183 | 1.33 | 0.90 to 1.95 | 0.153 | |
*Recategorised.
AOR, adjusted OR; p, p-value at p ≤ 0.05.