Exploratory table of maternal nutrition status during the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of cleft palate with/without cleft lip (N=98 787)
| Variables | No. of subjects (%) | ||||
| No orofacial clefts | Cleft lip alone | Cleft lip and palate | Cleft palate alone | ||
| n=98 553 | n=69 | n=113 | n=52 | P value | |
| Nutritional intake from FFQ, median (IQR), per day* | |||||
| Retinol (μg) | 406 (262 to 635) | 417 (294 to 725) | 453 (296 to 666) | 370 (253.5 to 591.5) | 0.319 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 4.30 (2.60 to 6.70) | 4.70 (2.60 to 6.10) | 4.00 (2.80 to 7.20) | 4.05 (1.90 to 6.75) | 0.905 |
| α-Tocopherol (mg) | 6.10 (4.40 to 8.20) | 6.20 (4.40 to 8.90) | 6.30 (4.00 to 9.00) | 5.85 (4.40 to 8.45) | 0.847 |
| Vitamin K (μg) | 162 (107 to 250) | 172 (113 to 286) | 200 (107 to 280) | 160 (118 to 253) | 0.341 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.03) | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.14) | 0.08 (0.62 to 1.08) | 0.76 (0.55 to 0.98) | 0.584 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.02 (0.75 to 1.40) | 1.10 (0.74 to 1.76) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.46) | 0.97 (0.63 to 1.57) | 0.588 |
| Niacin (mg) | 13.5 (10.1 to 18.0) | 13.1 (10.1 to 19.1) | 13.3 (9.2 to 18.5) | 12.9 (9.60 to 17.5) | 0.847 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.98 (0.75 to 1.29) | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.35) | 1.02 (0.75 to 1.37) | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.22) | 0.575 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 3.80 (2.40 to 5.70) | 4.00 (2.50 to 5.90) | 3.80 (2.60 to 5.90) | 3.60 (2.25 to 5.45) | 0.733 |
| Folic acid (μg) | 247 (178 to 339) | 282 (178 to 407) | 273 (171 to 369) | 245 (182 to 355) | 0.341 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 5.53 (4.24 to 7.24) | 5.97 (4.21 to 8.63) | 5.93 (4.30 to 7.44) | 5.45 (3.77 to 7.41) | 0.389 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 81.0 (53.0 to 120) | 83.0 (58.0 to 144) | 85.0 (52.0 to 131) | 85.0 (54.0 to 119) | 0.619 |
| ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid (g) | 1.74 (1.26 to 2.36) | 1.91 (1.21 to 2.54) | 1.65 (1.24 to 2.49) | 1.65 (1.26 to 2.20) | 0.817 |
| ω-6 unsaturated fatty acid (g) | 9.30 (6.98 to 12.3) | 10.2 (6.95 to 13.9) | 8.64 (6.80 to 11.9) | 8.60 (6.30 to 12.0) | 0.475 |
| Biotin (μg) | 23.4 (16.9 to 32.4) | 23.0 (17.0 to 39.7) | 23.4 (17.2 to 33.5) | 23.9 (15.5 to 32.3) | 0.881 |
| Supplement intake, n (%)† | |||||
| Multivitamin supplement | 6556 (6.65) | 7 (10.1) | 13 (11.5) | 6 (11.5) | 0.055 |
| Folic acid supplement | 38 265 (38.8) | 19 (27.5) | 44 (38.9) | 24 (46.2) | 0.181 |
*Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed for comparison between groups.
†χ2 tests were performed for comparison between groups.
FFQ, food frequency questionnaire.