Table 1

Availability of infrastructure for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at medical college hospitals (MCH, n=79), district hospitals (DH, n=63) and for both combined (n=142)

Type of hospitalTotal
(n=142)
% (95% CI)
Medical college hospitals (n=79)District hospitals (n=63)
% (95% CI)% (95% CI)
Essential infrastructure
General infrastructure
Technical maintenance77.2 (66.0 to 85.6)73.0 (57.0 to 84.7)75.4 (66.2 to 82.6)
Emergency electricity source93.7 (87.3 to 97.0)87.3 (68.8 to 95.6)90.8 (82.3 to 95.5)
Air and oxygen91.1 (83.0 to 95.6)88.9 (73.8 to 95.8)90.1 (82.8 to 94.5)
CPAP-specific infrastructure
Air-oxygen blender for each CPAP device51.9 (39.7 to 63.8)49.2 (32.6 to 66.0)50.7 (41.4 to 60.9)
Range of sizes of nasal interfaces86.1 (75.6 to 92.5)87.3 (76.4 to 93.6)86.6 (79.6 to 91.5)
Guidelines for CPAP use available in the immediate area of care27.8 (19.4 to 38.2)34.9 (19.5 to 54.3)31.0 (22.2 to 41.4)
Staffing levels
>1 doctor 24/793.7 (85.0 to 97.5)65.1 (44.8 to 81.1)81.0 (69.6 to 88.8)
>1 doctor 24/7 trained in CPAP use63.3 (51.7 to 73.5)46.8 (29.8 to 64.5)56.0 (45.8 to 65.8)
>1 doctor technically competent in the management of pneumothorax available 24/775.9 (64.5 to 84.6)41.3 (25.7 to 58.8)60.6 (49.9 to 70.3)
CPAP training plan available48.1 (34.3 to 62.2)41.3 (25.7 to 58.8)45.1 (34.4 to 56.2)
Monitoring
Neonatal pulse oximeters82.3 (72.2 to 89.2)93.7 (85.3 to 97.4)87.3 (80.9 to 91.8)
X-ray 24/786.1 (77.4 to 91.8)54.0 (35.0 to 71.9)71.8 (60.6 to 80.9)
Transilluminator17.7 (10.4 to 28.7)6.3 (1.5 to 23.5)12.7 (7.4 to 20.9)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening89.9 (77.2 to 95.9)60.3 (44.0 to 75.6)76.8 (66.0 to 84.9)
Broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) screening62.0 (49.0 to 73.5)22.2 (12.5 to 36.3)44.4 (34.8 to 54.4)
Management of complications
Availability of equipment specific to the management of neonatal pneumothorax63.3 (49.8 to 74.9)20.6 (9.8 to 38.3)44.4 (34.1 to 55.2)
Other important infrastructure
Availability of caffeine82.3 (71.6 to 89.5)58.7 (40.3 to 75.0)71.8 (60.3 to 81.1)
Availability of surfactant77.2 (66.6 to 85.2)49.2 (31.9 to 66.8)64.8 (53.5 to 74.6)
Availability of humidifiers55.7 (43.1 to 67.6)63.5 (48.8 to 76.1)59.2 (49.6 to 68.0)
Availability of antenatal corticosteroids93.7 (85.7 to 97.3)85.7 (75.9 to 91.9)90.1 (84.6 to 93.8)
Availability of cryotherapy or laser therapy for the treatment of ROP44.3 (30.9 to 58.5)7.9 (2.9 to 20.0)28.2 (19.4 to 39.0)