Table 4

Association between cognitive leisure activities and cognitive impairment in older adults

	Crude		Adjusted model*
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Cognitive leisure activities
Reading books or newspapers (reference: infrequent)	0.74 (0.57 to 0.96)	0.023	0.76 (0.59 to 1.00)	0.047
Writing for pleasure (reference: infrequent)	0.80 (0.67 to 0.96)	0.015	0.80 (0.68 to 0.96)	0.016
Doing crossword puzzles (reference: infrequent)	0.57 (0.47 to 0.96)	<0.001	0.59 (0.48 to 0.72)	<0.001
Playing board games or cards (reference: infrequent)	0.66 (0.45 to 0.97)	0.034	0.66 (0.45 to 0.98)	0.037
Participating in organised group discussions (reference: infrequent)	0.86 (0.72 to 1.04)	0.130	0.89 (0.74 to 1.08)	0.247
Playing musical instruments (reference: infrequent)	0.85 (0.59 to 1.24)	0.404	0.89 (0.61 to 1.30)	0.560

The objective variable was cognitive impairment, and the explanatory variable was six cognitive leisure activities.
*Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, BMI, employment status, medication use, current smoking habit, current alcohol use, grip strength, pain and GDS score. Except for medication use, all the variables were dichotomised.
BMI, body mass index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.