Comparison of clinical data between DR and NDR groups
| Items | NDR (n=755) | DR (n=192) | T/χ2 | P value | |
| Sex | Male | 447 (79.0%) | 119 (21.0%) | 0.490* | 0.510 |
| Female | 308 (80.8%) | 73 (19.2%) | |||
| Age | years | 53.3±11.7 | 52.9±11.1 | 0.350† | 0.726 |
| Family history of DM | No | 288 (78.5%) | 79 (21.5%) | 0.580* | 0.456 |
| Yes | 467 (80.5%) | 113 (19.5%) | |||
| Drinking history | No | 608 (80.9%) | 144 (19.1%) | 2.863* | 0.109 |
| Yes | 147 (75.4%) | 48 (24.6%) | |||
| Hypertension‡ | No | 349 (81.2%) | 81 (18.8%) | 1.457* | 0.265 |
| Yes | 392 (78.7%) | 106 (21.3%) | |||
| Age of DM diagnosis (years) | <50 | 247 (79.9%) | 62 (20.1%) | 2.382* | 0.304 |
| ≥50 to <60 | 243 (77.1%) | 72 (22.9%) | |||
| ≥60 | 265 (82.0%) | 58 (18.0%) | |||
| HbA1c | % | 9.51±2.13 | 9.60±2.12 | −0.546† | 0.585 |
| BMI ( | kg/m2 | 27.7±4.2 | 26.7±4.4 | 2.921† | 0.004 |
| Smoking history | No | 424 (82.0%) | 93 (18.0%) | 3.682† | 0.062 |
| Yes | 331 (77.0%) | 99 (23.0%) | |||
| Smoking status | Non-smoking | 424 (82.0%) | 93 (18.0%) | 6.350* | 0.042 |
| Light and moderate smoking | 170 (80.2%) | 42 (19.8%) | |||
| Heavy smoking | 161 (73.9%) | 57 (26.1%) | |||
There was no statistically significant difference if p >0.05.
*χ2 test.
†Student’s t-test.
‡19 cases of patients with missing data.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; NDR, non-diabetic retinopathy.