Analysis of related factors with DR, adjusted for age, BMI and smoking status
| Factors | B | SE | Wald χ2 | P value | OR | 95% CI |
| Sex | 0.099 | 0.228 | 0.190 | 0.663 | 1.104 | 0.707 to 1.726 |
| Hypertension | 0.252 | 0.175 | 2.080 | 0.149 | 1.287 | 0.914 to 1.812 |
| Drinking history | 0.131 | 0.222 | 0.351 | 0.554 | 1.140 | 0.739 to 1.761 |
| HbA1c | 0.006 | 0.038 | 0.022 | 0.882 | 1.006 | 0.934 to 1.083 |
| BMI (≥28 vs <28 kg/m2) | −0.524 | 0.183 | 8.230 | 0.004 | 0.592 | 0.414 to 0.847 |
| Family history of DM | −0.162 | 0.173 | 0.877 | 0.349 | 0.850 | 0.606 to 1.194 |
| Age of DM diagnosis (years) | 6.126 | 0.047 | ||||
| <50 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| 50–60 | −0.092 | 0.216 | 0.183 | 0.669 | 0.912 | 0.597 to 1.393 |
| ≥60 | −0.518 | 0.229 | 5.124 | 0.024 | 0.596 | 0.381 to 0.933 |
| Smoking status | 4.658 | 0.097 | ||||
| Non-smoking | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Light and moderate smoking | 0.097 | 0.252 | −0.149 | 0.700 | 1.102 | 0.673 to 1.806 |
| Heavy smoking | 0.509 | 0.251 | 4.104 | 0.043 | 1.664 | 1.017 to 2.724 |
| Constant | −1.407 | 0.574 | 6.016 | 0.014 | 0.245 |
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.