Table 2

Intervention components classified according to the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) group’s Taxonomy of Health System Interventions

Author, year	Interventions targeted at healthcare workers							Coordination of care and management of care processes		ICT
Author, year	Education strategies	Clinical practice guidelines	Local consensus processes	Audit and feedback	Patient-mediated interventions	Tailored interventions	Continuous quality improvement	Care pathways	Use of infectious disease team	Use of ICT
Colon-Emeric, et al 2009†48	X	X	X							X
Doernberg, et al 2015*†49		X							X
Fleet, et al 2014*46	X	X						X
Hutt, et al 2006*50	X	X				X		X
Jump, et al 2012*†51	X								X
Kassett, et al 2016†52	X	X	X	X	X					X
Linnebur, et al 201153	X	X						X
Loeb, et al 2005 and Lohfeld, et al 200754 55	X	X
McMaughan, et al 201656	X	X	X
Monette, et al 200757	X	X	X	X
Naughton, et al 200158	X	X	X
Pettersson, et al 201159	X	X				X
Rahme, et al 2016†60	X	X	X		X				X
Rummukainen, et al 2009 and 2012*†44 45		X	X
Sloane, et al 2014†61	X				X	X	X	X
Stuart, et al 2015*†65	X			X					X
van Buul, et al 201562	X	X				X
Zabarsky, et al 2008*†63	X			X			X
Zimmerman, et al 2014*64	X	X		X	X	X	X	X
Total for all studies	17	15	7	5	4	5	3	5	4	2

ICT is information and communication technology; ‘X’ indicates study intervention included the component type.
*Studies with statistically significant positive outcomes on indicators of overall antibiotic use or appropriateness of antibiotic use.