Sample characteristics, 2017 (n=69 005)
| N (%) | % with any benzodiazepine prescription | Adjusted % with any benzodiazepine prescription* | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age groups | |||||
| 65–69 | 19 553 (28.3) | 15.9 | 20.4 | – | – |
| 70–74 | 17 773 (25.8) | 18.4 | 21.4 | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.25) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.15) |
| 75–80 | 14 820 (21.5) | 22.5 | 23.6 | 1.53 (1.45 to 1.62) | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36) |
| 80+ | 16 859 (24.4) | 25.8 | 24.5 | 1.83 (1.74 to 1.93) | 1.41 (1.34 to 1.49) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 38 259 (55.4) | 25.1 | 24.5 | – | – |
| Male | 30 746 (44.6) | 14.6 | 15.1 | 0.51 (0.49 to 0.53) | 0.53 (0.51 to 0.55) |
| Canton | |||||
| NE | 3594 (5.2) | 24.9 | 23.2 | 3.53 (3.09 to 4.05) | 2.72 (2.37 to 3.12) |
| VS | 12 159 (17.6) | 24 | 23.9 | 3.37 (2.99 to 3.79) | 2.84 (2.51 to 3.21) |
| GE | 12 753 (18.5) | 23.1 | 21.8 | 3.21 (2.85 to 3.61) | 2.50 (2.21 to 2.83) |
| JU | 1672 (2.4) | 22 | 21.7 | 3.00 (2.56 to 3.53) | 2.49 (2.11 to 2.93) |
| TI | 3591 (5.2) | 21.6 | 22.8 | 2.94 (2.56 to 3.37) | 2.65 (2.31 to 3.05) |
| VD | 23 363 (33.9) | 19.4 | 19.2 | 2.57 (2.29 to 2.88) | 2.11 (1.88 to 2.39) |
| FR | 5742 (8.3) | 18.2 | 19.4 | 2.38 (2.09 to 2.70) | 2.15 (1.88 to 2.46) |
| BS | 2145 (3.1) | 12.5 | 12.9 | 1.52 (1.28 to 1.80) | 1.29 (1.09 to 1.54) |
| AG | 3986 (5.8) | 8.6 | 10.4 | – | – |
| Insurance plan | |||||
| Basic plan | 39 310 (57.0) | 22.1 | 21.1 | – | – |
| Gatekeeping | 14 706 (21.3) | 19.6 | 20.4 | 0.86 (0.82 to 0.90) | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) |
| Phone-based gatekeeping | 8776 (12.7) | 14.9 | 17.6 | 0.61 (0.58 to 0.65) | 0.79 (0.74 to 0.85) |
| Managed care (HMO) | 6213 (9.0) | 19.3 | 19.4 | 0.84 (0.79 to 0.90) | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.96) |
| Deductible (CHF) | |||||
| 300 | 38 037 (55.1) | 23.6 | 22.3 | – | – |
| 500 | 22 415 (32.5) | 19.7 | 19.5 | 0.79 (0.76 to 0.83) | 0.83 (0.80 to 0.87) |
| 1000 | 2004 (2.9) | 11.9 | 15 | 0.44 (0.38 to 0.50) | 0.60 (0.52 to 0.69) |
| 1500 | 3667 (5.3) | 8.6 | 12.4 | 0.31 (0.27 to 0.34) | 0.47 (0.42 to 0.54) |
| 2000 | 395 (0.6) | 6.6 | 10 | 0.23 (0.15 to 0.34) | 0.37 (0.25 to 0.56) |
| 2500 | 2487 (3.6) | 5.1 | 8 | 0.17 (0.15 to 0.21) | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.35) |
| Comorbidities (PCG) | |||||
| 0 | 38 430 (55.7) | 15.1 | 15.7 | – | – |
| 1 | 22 231 (32.2) | 24.6 | 24 | 1.83 (1.76 to 1.91) | 1.73 (1.66 to 1.80) |
| 2 | 6813 (9.9) | 32.2 | 29.8 | 2.67 (2.52 to 2.83) | 2.36 (2.22 to 2.50) |
| 3 | 1317 (1.9) | 38.2 | 34.3 | 3.47 (3.09 to 3.89) | 2.94 (2.61 to 3.30) |
| 4 | 189 (0.3) | 41.8 | 37.1 | 4.03 (3.02 to 5.39) | 3.35 (2.49 to 4.51) |
| 5+ | 25 (0.0) | 44 | 36.6 | 4.41 (2.00 to 9.72) | 3.27 (1.46 to 7.32) |
| Overall | 20.4 |
| Outcomes | Benzodiazepine users (n=14 072) | Non-users (n=54 925) |
| Healthcare expenditures, mean (SD) | 15 573 (19 040) | 9111 (14 848) |
| Hospitalisation (any), N (%) | 3841 (27.3) | 9298 (16.9) |
| Hospitalisation (trauma), N (%) | 760 (5.4) | 1925 (3.5) |
*Adjusted for age, sex, canton, insurance plan, deductible (CHF) and comorbidities.
PCG, pharmaceutical cost group.