Demographic characteristics of participants
| Birth weight | Total (N=4026) | |||
| LBW | NBW | Macrosomia | ||
| (n=166) | (n=3623) | (n=237) | ||
| Parental demographic factors | ||||
| Gestational age* (weeks), mean±SD | 36.1±2.2 | 38.9±1.2 | 39.4±0.9 | 38.8±1.3 |
| Mothers’ education, n (%) | ||||
| Bachelor or above | 51 (30.7) | 1333 (36.8) | 84 (35.4) | 1468 (36.5) |
| Below bachelor | 115 (69.3) | 2290 (63.2) | 153 (64.6) | 2558 (63.5) |
| Fathers’ education, n (%) | ||||
| Bachelor or above | 53 (31.9) | 1428 (39.4) | 88 (37.1) | 1569 (39.0) |
| Below bachelor | 113 (68.1) | 2195 (60.6) | 149 (62.9) | 2457 (61.0) |
| Prenatal factors | ||||
| Number of prenatal tests*, mean±SD | 8.6±2.7 | 9.2±2.4 | 9.5±2.5 | 9.2±2.4 |
| Maternal active smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.1) |
| No | 166 (100) | 3618 (99.9) | 237 (100) | 4021 (99.9) |
| Maternal passive smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 4 (2.4) | 62 (1.7) | 2 (0.8) | 68 (1.7) |
| No | 162 (97.6) | 3561 (98.3) | 235 (99.2) | 3958 (98.3) |
| Perinatal factors | ||||
| Gender*, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 85 (51.2) | 2008 (55.4) | 153 (64.6) | 2246 (55.8) |
| Female | 81 (48.8) | 1615 (44.6) | 84 (35.4) | 1780 (44.2) |
| Birth length* (cm), mean±SD | 45.9±2.3 | 50.1±1.5 | 52.3±1.5 | 50.1±1.8 |
| Asphyxia neonatorum, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.2) |
| No | 166 (100.0) | 3616 (99.8) | 237 (100.0) | 4019 (99.8) |
| Mode of delivery*, n (%) | ||||
| Natural | 57 (34.3) | 898 (24.8) | 23 (9.7) | 978 (24.3) |
| Caesarean | 109 (65.7) | 2725 (75.2) | 214 (90.3) | 3048 (75.7) |
*P<0.05.
LBW, low birth weight; NBW, normal birth weight.