General characteristics of the study population according to working hours per week, KNHANES 2010–2017
| Men (n=6324) | P value | Women (n=4001) | P value | |||||
| 40 hours | 41–52 hours | >52 hours | 40 hours | 41–52 hours | >52 hours | |||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 444 (35.69) | 820 (36.80) | 702 (32.21) | 372 (34.49) | 446 (30.24) | 176 (16.07) | ||
| 40–49 | 481 (35.91) | 804 (34.68) | 731 (34.33) | 401 (38.94) | 490 (35.01) | 350 (31.18) | ||
| 50–59 | 351 (23.36) | 592 (22.09) | 626 (24.51) | 242 (21.58) | 434 (25.97) | 544 (38.07) | ||
| ≥60 | 123 (5.04) | 267 (6.43) | 383 (8.95) | 71 (4.99) | 204 (8.78) | 271 (14.68) | ||
| Education | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Elementary School | 48 (2.72) | 169 (5.13) | 263 (8.58) | 84 (6.16) | 256 (13.40) | 358 (21.49) | ||
| Middle school | 64 (4.44) | 201 (7.34) | 275 (10.03) | 62 (6.49) | 166 (10.07) | 249 (19.03) | ||
| High school | 396 (28.82) | 780 (33.03) | 907 (37.82) | 413 (39.61) | 575 (39.38) | 520 (42.70) | ||
| University degree or above | 891 (64.02) | 1333 (54.50) | 997 (43.57) | 527 (47.74) | 577 (37.15) | 214 (16.78) | ||
| Total household income | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Low | 38 (2.60) | 97 (3.34) | 130 (4.39) | 56 (5.44) | 133 (6.89) | 130 (8.63) | ||
| Middle-low | 234 (17.09) | 539 (21.49) | 671 (27.30) | 201 (18.39) | 359 (22.28) | 382 (27.19) | ||
| Middle-high | 454 (33.59) | 888 (37.15) | 830 (34.31) | 372 (35.53) | 492 (32.91) | 444 (34.67) | ||
| High | 673 (46.72) | 959 (38.02) | 811 (34.00) | 457 (40.64) | 590 (37.92) | 385 (29.81) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.0003 | 0.207 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 288 (21.54) | 512 (21.12) | 450 (18.15) | 997 (90.90) | 1416 (88.95) | 1211 (88.30) | ||
| Former smoker | 578 (28.44) | 908 (34.88) | 887 (33.46) | 41 (4.17) | 74 (5.38) | 48 (4.51) | ||
| Current smoker | 533 (40.02) | 1063 (44.00) | 1105 (48.39) | 48 (4.93) | 84 (5.67) | 82 (7.19) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.009 | 0.002 | ||||||
| No | 24 (1.78) | 76 (2.81) | 101 (3.76) | 95 (7.58) | 178 (10.21) | 191 (12.28) | ||
| Yes | 1375 (98.22) | 2407 (97.19) | 2341 (96.24) | 991 (92.42) | 1396 (89.79) | 1150 (87.72) | ||
| Aerobic activity | 0.104 | |||||||
| No | 866 (62.56) | 1547 (61.92) | 1595 (65.10) | 662 (60.13) | 1042 (66.20) | 939 (69.80) | 0.0001 | |
| Yes | 533 (37.44) | 936 (38.08) | 847 (34.90) | 424 (39.87) | 532 (33.80) | 402 (30.20) | ||
| Muscle strengthening activity | 0.005 | 0.385 | ||||||
| No | 980 (70.70) | 1809 (73.00) | 1862 (75.92) | 948 (87.24) | 1375 (87.05) | 1205 (88.89) | ||
| Yes | 419 (29.30) | 674 (27.00) | 580 (24.08) | 138 (12.76) | 199 (12.95) | 136 (11.11) | ||
| BMI | 0.548 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Underweight | 22 (1.72) | 41 (1.84) | 50 (2.13) | 50 (4.32) | 76 (5.03) | 40 (3.18) | ||
| Normal | 405 (28.47) | 760 (29.61) | 769 (31.12) | 578 (53.37) | 748 (47.60) | 543 (41.58) | ||
| Overweight | 415 (29.70) | 655 (27.44) | 663 (26.59) | 217 (19.71) | 344 (22.15) | 329 (23.98) | ||
| Obese | 557 (40.11) | 1027 (41.11) | 960 (40.16) | 241 (22.60) | 406 (25.22) | 429 (31.26) | ||
| Hypertension | 0.163 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| No | 1024 (74.57) | 1844 (76.00) | 1771 (73.29) | 947 (82.52) | 1290 (83.96) | 1015 (77.83) | ||
| Yes | 375 (25.43) | 639 (24.00) | 671 (26.71) | 139 (12.48) | 284 (16.04) | 326 (22.17) | ||
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 0.027 | 0.005 | ||||||
| No | 1187 (84.96) | 2149 (87.411) | 2133 (88.24) | 967 (89.16) | 1353 (86.99) | 1103 (84.23) | ||
| Yes | 212 (15.04) | 334 (12.59) | 309 (11.76) | 119 (10.84) | 221 (13.01) | 238 (15.77) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | 0.549 | 0.033 | ||||||
| No | 1103 (78.15) | 1991 (79.65) | 1951 (79.74) | 799 (74.23) | 1211 (76.63) | 1076 (79.47) | ||
| Yes | 296 (21.85) | 492 (20.35) | 491 (20.26) | 287 (25.77) | 363 (23.37) | 265 (20.53) | ||
| Sleep duration (hours) | <0.0001 | 0.004 | ||||||
| <6 | 120 (8.63) | 256 (10.72) | 362 (14.22) | 128 (12.06) | 209 (14.35) | 225 (16.65) | ||
| 6–8 | 1182 (84.61) | 2070 (83.19) | 1915 (79.74) | 836 (76.99) | 1223 (76.30) | 1024 (76.50) | ||
| ≥9 | 97 (6.76) | 157 (6.09) | 165 (6.04) | 122 (10.95) | 142 (9.35) | 92 (6.85) | ||
| Perceived stress | <0.0001 | 0.005 | ||||||
| None/low | 1083 (76.16) | 1785 (71.21) | 1645 (67.39) | 788 (71.80) | 1076 (67.40) | 879 (64.41) | ||
| Moderate/high | 316 (23.84) | 698 (28.79) | 797 (32.61) | 298 (28.20) | 498 (32.60) | 462 (35.39) | ||
| Occupation | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| White-collar | 873 (61.51) | 1200 (49.05) | 701 (30.23) | 665 (60.23) | 672 (42.70) | 190 (14.90) | ||
| Pink-collar | 130 (10.25) | 252 (10.26) | 477 (20.01) | 168 (15.96) | 419 (27.97) | 676 (52.01) | ||
| Green-collar | 25 (1.20) | 132 (3.72) | 199 (6.39) | 17 (0.83) | 124 (5.78) | 168 (8.87) | ||
| Blue-collar | 371 (27.04) | 899 (36.97) | 1065 (43.37) | 236 (22.98) | 359 (23.55) | 307 (24.22) | ||
| Work schedule | <0.0001 | 0.283 | ||||||
| Fixed | 1334 (95.41) | 2297 (92.38) | 2170 (90.33) | 1034 (94.20) | 1507 (95.77) | 1285 (95.41) | ||
| Shift | 65 (4.59) | 186 (7.62) | 272 (9.67) | 52 (5.80) | 67 (4.23) | 56 (4.59) | ||
| Participants | 1399 (22.08) | 2483 (39.03) | 2442 (38.89) | 1086 (27.49) | 1574 (39.19) | 1341 (33.32) | ||
| *Unless otherwise stated, unweighted frequency (weighted %) are shown. | ||||||||
| Row percentages are shown. | ||||||||
BMI, body mass index; KNHANES, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.