Association between low muscle mass and reduced visual acuity relative to good visual acuity
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Visual acuity <0.5 | 1.73 (1.12 to 2.67) | 0.014 | 1.71 (1.03 to 2.84) | 0.039 | 1.60 (1.02 to 2.50) | 0.040 |
| Age | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (reference: never) | ||||||
| Former | 1.43 (0.93 to 2.18) | 0.128 | 1.37 (0.90 to 2.10) | 0.114 | ||
| Current | 1.88 (1.16 to 3.06) | 0.011 | 1.83 (1.12 to 2.98) | 0.015 | ||
| Alcohol consumption (reference: never) | ||||||
| Once a week or less frequent | 1.10 (0.70 to 1.72) | 0.46 | 1.10 (0.69 to 1.75) | 0.685 | ||
| More than twice a week | 0.88 (0.44 to 1.73) | 0.713 | 0.87 (0.44 to 1.71) | 0.428 | ||
| Exercise routine (reference: regular exercise) | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.61) | 0.826 | 1.02 (0.66 to 1.57) | 0.917 | ||
| Education (reference: college or higher) | ||||||
| Elementary or lower | 1.08 (0.66 to 1.75) | 0.748 | ||||
| Middle school | 0.97 (0.55 to 1.71) | 0.937 | ||||
| High school | 0.86 (0.49 to 1.49) | 0.600 | ||||
| Basic livelihood security recipient | 1.62 (0.85 to 3.09) | 0.141 | ||||
| History of stroke | 1.49 (0.82 to 2.71) | 0.183 | ||||
Values were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis.
All analyses used integrated weight values.
Model 1: adjusted for age. Model 2: adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency of physical activity. Model 3: adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, frequency of physical activity, educational level, the status of basic livelihood security recipient and history of stroke.