Demographic characteristics of women who have and have not experienced physical IPV in pregnancy
| Total participant women | Experience of IPV in pregnancy | No experience of IPV in pregnancy | P value* | |
| Number of women | 409 | 109 (26.7) | 300 (73.3) | |
| Age of women (mean, SD) | 32.98 (11.5) | 33.50 (11.14) | 32.78 (11.67) | 0.57 |
| Number of children per | ||||
| woman (mean, SD) | ||||
| Living | 4.29 (2.36) | 4.29 (2.39) | 4.30 (2.34) | 0.98 |
| Dead | 0.54 (1.16) | 0.48 (0.95) | 0.56 (1.23) | 0.52 |
| Literacy (number, %) | ||||
| Able to read | 107 (26.2) | 21 (19.3) | 86 (28.7) | 0.06 |
| Able to write | 123 (30.1) | 26 (23.9) | 97 (32.3) | 0.1 |
| Highest education level (number, %) | ||||
| None | 79 (19.3) | 20 (18.3) | 59 (19.7) | 0.35 |
| Some primary | 269 (65.8) | 78 (71.6) | 191 (63.9) | |
| Completed primary | 48 (11.7) | 9 (8.3) | 39 (13.0) | |
| Completed secondary or further | 12 (2.9) | 1 (0.9) | 10 (3.3) | |
| Ever used contraception (number, %) | 270 (66) | 68 (62.4) | 202 (67.6) | 0.32 |
| Women aged 16 to 49 (number, %) | 375 (91.69) | 98 (89.9) | 267 (89.3) | |
| Currently using contraception (number, %) | 135 (36) | 29 (26.6) | 106 (35.5) | 0.08 |
| HIV test in last 12 months (number, %) | 291 (71.1) | 80 (73.4) | 211 (70.6) | 0.41 |
| HIV positive (number, %) | 53 (13) | 21 (19.3) | 32 (10.7) | 0.05 |
| Marital status (number, %) | 0.73 | |||
| Currently married | 191 (46.7) | 48 (44.0) | 143 (47.8) | |
| Living with a man, not married | 126 (30.8) | 34 (31.2) | 92 (30.8) | |
| Regular sexual partner, living apart | 22 (5.4) | 8 (7.3) | 14 (4.7) | |
| Not currently involved in sexual relationship | 69 (16.9) | 19 (17.4) | 50 (16.7) | |
| Age of partner (mean, SD) | 38.27 (12.35) | 38.93 (12.64) | 38.03 (12.27) | 0.56 |
| Dwelling with partner’s relatives in current or most recent relationship (number, %) | 321 (78.5) | 42 (38.5) | 106 (35.5) | 0.59 |
| Partner’s occupation (number, %) | ||||
| Professional | 28 (6.8) | 3 (2.8) | 25 (8.4) | 0.05 |
| Semi-skilled | 37 (9.0) | 5 (4.6) | 32 (10.7) | |
| Military/police | 18 (4.4) | 7 (6.4) | 11 (3.7) | |
| Other | 8 (2.0) | 3 (2.8) | 5 (1.7) | |
| Unskilled/manual | 292 (71.4) | 85 (78.0) | 207 (69.2) | |
| Partner’s alcohol intake (number, %) | 0.01 | |||
| Daily | 137 (33.5) | 52 (47.7) | 85 (28.4) | |
| Once or twice per week | 56 (13.7) | 13 (11.9) | 43 (14.4) | |
| One to three times per month | 15 (3.7) | 5 (4.6) | 10 (3.3) | |
| Less than once per month | 9 (2.2) | 2 (1.8) | 7 (2.3) | |
| Never | 173 (42.3) | 33 (30.3) | 140 (46.8) |
*t-test for continuous variables or χ² for categorical variables, testing difference between women who had and had not experienced IPV in pregnancy.
IPV, intimate partner violence.