Table 2
Results of the multilevel growth model for mean scores of the Adolescent Mental Health and Problem Behavior Questionnaire-II (high schools in South Korea, n=827, year 2013–2016)
| Model 1 (coef (SE)) | Model 2 (coef (SE)) | Model 3 (coef (SE)) | ||
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Baseline status | Intercept | 14.93 (0.11)*** | 14.38 (0.65)*** | 13.87 (0.67)*** |
| School type (ref: boys’ schools) | ||||
| Coeducational schools | 0.39 (0.31) | 0.33 (0.31) | ||
| Girls’ schools | 0.93 (0.40)* | 1.00 (0.39)* | ||
| School mobility rate (%) | 0.08 (0.04)* | 0.09 (0.04)* | ||
| School dropout rate (%) | 0.40 (0.05)*** | 0.38 (0.05)*** | ||
| Number of students per teacher | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) | ||
| School budget per student (million) | −0.06 (0.02)** | −0.05 (0.02)** | ||
| Number of counselling sessions (ln) | 0.14 (0.05)** | |||
| Linear rate of change | Intercept | −1.46 (0.03)*** | −1.70 (0.20)*** | −1.59 (0.21)*** |
| School type (ref: boys’ schools) | ||||
| Coeducational schools | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | ||
| Girls’ schools | −0.12 (0.12) | −0.14 (0.12) | ||
| School mobility rate (%) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | ||
| School dropout rate (%) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | ||
| Number of students per teacher | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | ||
| School budget per student (million) | 0.02 (0.01)*** | 0.02 (0.01)*** | ||
| Numbers of counselling sessions (ln) | −0.03 (0.01)* | |||
| Random effects | ||||
| Level 1 | Temporal variation | 3.21 (0.11)*** | 3.20 (0.11)*** | 3.20 (0.11)*** |
| Level 2 | Initial status | 5.56 (0.54)*** | 4.36 (0.48)*** | 4.25 (0.48)*** |
| Linear rate of change | 0.22 (0.05)*** | 0.20 (0.05)*** | 0.19 (0.05)*** | |
| Covariance (initial status, linear rate of change) | −0.58 (0.14) | −0.50 (0.13) | −0.48 (0.13) | |
| Model information | ||||
| R 2 (baseline status) | – | 21.6% | 23.5% | |
| R 2 (rate of change) | – | 9.3% | 11.7% | |
| AIC | 14 983.63 | 14 804.35 | 14 798.53 | |
| BIC | 15 020.25 | 14 914.22 | 14 920.62 | |
Wald 
(df) | 2061.98 (1)*** | 2248.11 (8)*** | 2363.14 (15)*** | |
| LR test | 203.28 (12)*** | 9.82 (2)** | ||
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; BIC, Bayesian Information Criterion;coef, intercept coefficient; ln, factor converted to natural logarithm; LR, Likelihood Ratio.