ORs for major depressive disorder according to individual- and area-level characteristics for women (n=10 335) who completed the Health and Life Experiences Questionnaire in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort
| Characteristic* | ORs and 95% CI | |||||
| Model A† | P-value for model A | Model B‡ | P-value for model B | Model C§ | P-value for model C | |
| Individual-level variables | ||||||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.54 (0.46 to 0.64) | <0.0001 | 0.62 (0.52 to 0.74) | <0.0001 | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.71) | <0.0001 |
| Education¶ | ||||||
| Low | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.56) | 0.0890 | 1.29 (1.01 to 1.65) | 0.0412 | 1.30 (1.02 to 1.66) | 0.0356 |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 0.93 (0.48 to 1.78) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.48 to 1.75) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.75) | <0.0001 |
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Other** | 2.56 (2.00 to 3.27) | 2.41 (1.87 to 3.10) | 2.36 (1.83 to 3.04) | |||
| Social class†† | ||||||
| Manual | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) | 0.6964 | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.27) | 0.9530 | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.25) | 0.8225 |
| Non-manual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Employment†† | ||||||
| No | 1.87 (1.42 to 2.48) | <0.0001 | 1.62 (1.21 to 2.15) | 0.0010 | 1.55 (1.17 to 2.06) | 0.0026 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Health status | ||||||
| Lifetime GAD | ||||||
| Yes | 7.97 (5.99 to 10.60) | <0.0001 | 7.37 (5.52 to 9.83) | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Prevalent physical disease | ||||||
| Yes‡‡ | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.59) | 0.0682 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||
| Disability level | ||||||
| High§§ | 1.41 (1.11 to 1.79) | 0.0045 | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | |||||
| Area-level variable | ||||||
| Townsend index | ||||||
| Deprivation | ||||||
| Above average deprivation (>0) | 1.40 (1.07 to 1.84) | 0.0132 | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.67) | 0.1081 | 1.24 (0.93 to 1.65) | 0.1425 |
| Below average deprivation (≤0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
*The brackets show the reference categories that were used for each categorical variable when it was entered in the models—below average deprivation (ref) versus above average deprivation; education: high (ref) versus low; marital status: married (ref), single, others; social class: non-manual (ref) versus manual; employment: yes (ref) versus no; lifetime GAD: no (ref) versus yes; prevalent physical disease: no (ref) versus yes; disability level: low (ref) versus high. These reference categories were based on the literature.
†Adjusted for age, sociodemographics (education, marital status, social class, employment status).
‡Adjusted for age, sociodemographics, lifetime GAD.
§Adjusted for age, sociodemographics, lifetime GAD, physical diseases and disability.
¶High education: O-level, A-level, degree; low education: refers to no education.
**Other: divorced, separated, widowed.
**††Manual: skilled manual, semi-skilled, non-skilled; non-manual: professionals, managerial, skilled non-manual.
‡‡Prevalent physical disease: respiratory disease (asthma, bronchitis), allergies (allergies, hay fever), stroke, heart attack, cancer, diabetes, thyroid conditions, arthritis.
§§Below the PCS value of 50.6.
GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; PCS, physical component summary.