Characteristics of the study participants by GRS1* for log-leptin in FHS third generation cohort
| Covariates | Overall | Quartiles of the leptin GRS | ||||
| (n=3860) | Q1 (n=964) | Q2 (n=961) | Q3 (n=977) | Q4 (n=958) | P value | |
| GRS, mean (SD) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.01) | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 40.2 (8.9) | 40.5 (8.7) | 39.9 (8.8) | 40.3 (9.1) | 39.9 (8.8) | 0.23 |
| Male, N (%) | 1808 (46.8) | 453 (47.0) | 437 (45.5) | 460 (47.1) | 458 (47.8) | 0.89 |
| Education levels, N (%) | ||||||
| No more than high school | 591 (15.4) | 141 (14.7) | 146 (15.3) | 157 (16.1) | 147 (15.4) | 0.22 |
| Some college | 1213 (31.5) | 306 (31.8) | 287 (30.0) | 313 (32.1) | 307 (32.3) | |
| Bachelor’s degree and above | 2041 (53.1) | 514 (53.5) | 524 (54.8) | 505 (51.8) | 498 (52.3) | |
| Current smoker, N (%) | 603 (15.6) | 144 (15.0) | 152 (15.8) | 165 (16.9) | 142 (14.8) | 0.53 |
| Current drinker, N (%) | 3419 (89.1) | 858 (89.4) | 853 (89.1) | 863 (88.9) | 845 (89.0) | 0.32 |
| Physical activities index score, mean (SD) | 37.5 (7.9) | 37.8 (8.0) | 37.3 (8.1) | 37.4 (7.7) | 37.4 (7.8) | 0.51 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.9 (5.5) | 26.9 (5.5) | 26.7 (5.5) | 26.9 (5.5) | 27.1 (5.5) | 0.94 |
| Waist girth, inches, mean (SD) | 36.6 (6.0) | 36.7 (6.0) | 36.3 (5.8) | 36.7 (5.9) | 36.8 (6.1) | 0.70 |
| Treated for lipids, N (%) | 265 (6.9) | 80 (8.3) | 56 (5.8) | 66 (6.8) | 63 (6.6) | 0.26 |
| Treated for diabetes, N (%) | 72 (1.9) | 22 (2.3) | 23 (2.4) | 19 (1.9) | 8 (0.8) | 0.03 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 111.7 (31.4) | 112.1 (30.5) | 111.5 (31.1) | 111.9 (32.4) | 111.3 (31.8) | 0.94 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 54.3 (16.1) | 54.1 (15.4) | 54.4 (15.9) | 54.5 (16.2) | 54.4 (16.7) | 0.62 |
| TG, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 92.0 (65.0–138.0) | 92.0 (65.0–142.0) | 96.0 (66.0–140.0) | 92.0 (65.0–137.0) | 90.0 (63.0–134.0) | 0.03† |
| TC, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 188.8 (35.5) | 189.1 (34.1) | 188.9 (37.1) | 189.5 (35.7) | 187.9 (35.2) | 0.64 |
| Leptin, ng/dL, median (IQR) | 12.5 (3.5–15.1) | 6.7 (3.4–14.5) | 7.2 (3.4–14.8) | 7.7 (3.7–14.9) | 7.7 (3.6–16.8) | 0.02† |
| Log-leptin, mean (SD) | 2.00 (1.1) | 1.95 (1.0) | 1.98 (1.1) | 2.00 (1.0) | 2.06 (1.1) | 0.02 |
| Age, sex, BMI and waist girth adjusted log-leptin, mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.1) | 0.00005 |
*GRS1 for leptin was generated by summing leptin increasing alleles of three SNPs adjusted for BMI, weighted by their corresponding effect sizes reported by Kilpeläinen et al.
†Log-leptin and TG were used to calculate the p values.
BMI, body mass index; GRS, genetic risk score;HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Log-leptin, logarithmically transformed leptin; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.