Chronic study—secondary outcomes: pre-intervention and 3-month follow-up (includes only those who attended study clinics at both time points and attended at least 18 classes if in the yoga group; n=35 in usual care group and n=25 in yoga group, unless otherwise stated)
| Pre-intervention Means (95% CI) unless stated otherwise | 3-month follow-up, adjusted for pre-intervention levels. Means (95% CI) unless stated otherwise | Between-group difference adjusted for pre-intervention levels (95% CI) | P value for between group difference, adjusted for pre-intervention levels | |||
| Yoga +usual care | Usual care | Yoga +usual care | Usual care | Yoga minus usual care | ||
| Cardiac structure | ||||||
| Left ventricular mass indexed to height 2.7, g/m 2.7, median (95% CI) | 40.1 (36.6 to 51.2) | 38.7 (35.6 to 43.5) | 39.4 (36.2 to 42.5) | 39.3 (36.1 to 42.5) | 3.4 (−3.3 to 10.1) | 0.3 |
| Relative wall thickness, median (95% CI) | 0.45 (0.38 to 0.48) | 0.42 (0.40 to 0.47) | 0.41 (0.39 to 0.44) | 0.42 (0.39 to 0.44) | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.04) | 0.6 |
| Left atrial diameter indexed to height, cm/m | 2.2 (2.2 to 2.3) | 2.3 (2.2 to 2.4) | 2.2 (2.2 to 2.3) | 2.2 (2.2 to 2.3) | −0.08 (−0.21 to 0.05) | 0.2 |
| Cardiac function | ||||||
| Ejection fraction, %, median (95% CI) | 54 (44 to 68) | 54 (44 to 64) | 54 (44 to 63) | 54 (45 to 63) | −0.5 (−19 to 18) | 1.0 |
| Mitral E:A ratio (of peak velocity in early diastole to peak velocity in late diastole, median (95% CI) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.12) | 1.16 (0.95 to 1.29) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.23) | −0.01 (−0.20 to 0.19) | 1.0 |
| s′, peak velocity during systole, cm/s, median (95% CI) | 7.11 (6.49 to 8.25) | 7.31 (6.35 to 7.64) | 7.25 (6.90 to 7.59) | 7.16 (6.82 to 7.51) | 0.10 (−0.56 to 0.75) | 0.8 |
| e’, peak velocity during early diastole, cm/s, median (95% CI) | 7.56 (6.77 to 9.35) | 8.57 (7.58 to 9.44) | 8.20 (7.73 to 8.67) | 8.45 (7.98 to 8.92) | 0.14 (−0.72 to 0.99) | 0.8 |
| Resting blood pressure and heart rate | ||||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 60 (55 to 64) | 64 (60 to 68) | 59 (57 to 61) | 61 (60 to 63) | −0.4(-4 to 3) | 0.8 |
| Brachial SBP, mm Hg | 134 (125 to 143) | 126 (120 to 133) | 127 (124 to 130) | 122 (119 to 125) | −2(−8 to 4) | 0.5 |
| Brachial DBP, mm Hg | 77 (74 to 80) | 74 (72 to 76) | 75 (73 to 76) | 73 (71 to 74) | −0.8(-3 to 2) | 0.6 |
| Central SBP, mm Hg | 128 (119 to 137) | 120 (114 to 125) | 122 (119 to 125) | 117 (114 to 120) | −1(−8 to 6) | 0.8 |
| 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure | n=20 | n=30 | n=20 | n=30 | ||
| Average day central SBP, mm Hg | 115 (108 to 122) | 113(109 to 116) | 113 (110 to 116) | 112 (109 to 114) | 2 (-4 to 8) | 0.5 |
| Average night central SBP, mm Hg | 104 (96 to 112) | 104 (98 to 110) | 104 (100 to 108) | 104 (100 to 108) | 1 (-7 to 10) | 0.8 |
| Average day heart rate, bpm | 65 (60 to 69) | 68(65 to 71) | 64 (63 to 66) | 67 (65 to 69) | 2 (-2 to 5) | 0.3 |
| Average night heart rate, bpm | 59 (54 to 63) | 64 (60 to 67) | 59 (57 to 61) | 63 (61 to 65) | 4 (-0.4 to 7) | 0.08 |
| Pulse wave velocity, m/s median (95% CI) | n=25 9.03 (8.14 to 9.67) | n=32 8.63 (8.27 to 9.10) | n=25 9.02 (8.47 to 9.59) | n=32 8.75 (8.28 to 9.22) | 0.5 (-0.7 to 1.7) | 0.3 |
| CIMT. Far wall, mm, maximum of means (without plaque and CIMT <1.5 mm) | n=18 0.754 (0.691 to 0.816) | n=28 0.746 (0.681 to 0.810) | n=18 0.764 (0.699 to 0.830) | n=28 0.761 (0.696 to 0.827) | −0.1 (−0.2 to 0.1) | 0.4 |
| Bloods, fasting, medians (95% CIM) | n=25 | n=31 | n=25 | n=31 | ||
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.10 (0.94 to 1.40) | 1.03 (0.96 to 12.4) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.20) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.19) | −0.04 (−0.24 to 0.17) | 0.7 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.91 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.01) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.06) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.3 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.00 (2.80 to 3.50) | 3.20 (2.90 to 3.60) | 3.30 (3.18 to 3.41) | 3.36 (3.25 to 3.47) | 0.07 (−0.29 to 0.15) | 0.6 |
| Cholesterol:HDL ratio | 3.33 (2.82 to 3.67) | 3.40 (3.23 to 3.78) | 3.31 (3.13 to 3.48) | 3.52 (3.34 to 3.69) | −0.06 (−0.38 to 0.26) | 0.7 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.59 (1.35 to 1.77) | 1.60 (1.54 to 1.73) | 1.76 (1.66 to 1.87) | 1.81 (1.71 to 1.92) | 0.01 (−0.19 to 0.20) | 0.9 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 (4.90 to 6.0) | 5.50 (4.90 to 6.20) | 5.78 (5.62 to 5.94) | 5.68 (5.52 to 5.84) | 0.05 (−0.23 to 0.33) | 0.7 |
| Anthropometrics | n=25 | n=35 | n=25 | n=35 | ||
| Body mass indexI, kg/m2, median (95% CI) | 27.6 (25.1 to 29.5) | 27.2 (25.3 to 29.6) | 27.6 (27.4 to 27.9) | 27.5 (27.3 to 27.7) | 0 (-0.5 to 0.5) | 1.0 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.98) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.3 |
| Fat mass per cent | 28 (25 to 32) | 30 (27 to 33) | 28 (27 to 28) | 30 (29 to 30) | 0.2 (-1 to 2) | 0.8 |
| HPA axis | ||||||
| Salivary cortisol nmol/L | n=23 | n=29 | n=23 | n=29 | ||
| Waking | 11.2 (8.5 to 13.8) | 12.6 (10.3 to 14.9) | 11.2 (8.7 to 13.7) | 12.5 (10.4 to 14.7) | −1.3 (−4.2 to 1.6) | 0.5 |
| Waking +30 min | 10.6 (8.0 to 13.3) | 16.0 (13.6 to 18.3) | 10.4 (8.0 to 12.9) | 12.9 (10.7 to 15.0) | −2.5 (−5.4 to 10.5) | 0.17 |
| Waking +1 hour 30 min | 5.2 (2.5 to 7.8) | 8.0 (5.6 to 10.4) | 8.0 (5.6 to 10.4) | 7.5 (5.3 to 9.7) | 0.5 (-2.4 to 3.4) | 0.8 |
| Waking +12 hours | 3.9 (1.2 to 6.7) | 3.2 (0.8 to 5.7) | 4.1 (1.7 to 6.6) | 2.5 (0.3 to 4.7) | 1.6 (-1.4 to 4.5) | 0.4 |
| Bedtime | 2.3 (0 to 5.0) | 3.1 (0.7 to 5.5) | 3.7 (1.3 to 6.2) | 2.2 (0.04 to 4.3) | 1.6 (-1.3 to 4.5) | 0.4 |
| Exercise/physical activity | ||||||
| Average body acceleration over 3 days, milli g (GeneActiv) | n=20 25.1 (20.4 to 29.8) | n=28 22.5 (19.5 to 25.5) | n=20 24.9 (22.7 to 27.1) | n=28 23.5 (21.3 to 25.7) | −4.0 (−8.3 to 0.23) | 0.064 |
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire self-report. Total metabolic equivalent(met) min/week. Median (95% CI) | n=25 693 (60 to 1386) | n=34 1409 (495 to 2310) | n=25 2273 (1434 to 3112) | n=34 2899 (2065 to 3734) | 179 (−1542 to 1900) | 0.8 |
| EQ-5D health status based on UK population norms (1=full health) median (95% CI) | n=14 0.77 (0.69 to 1.0) | n=21 0.80 (0.73 to.81) | n=14 0.83 (0.70 to 0.97) | n=21 0.80 (0.66 to 0.93) | 0 (−0.24 to 0.24) | 1.0 |
| EQ-5D self-rated health thermometer (100=best possible), median (95% CI) | n=21 70(60 to 75) | n=27 70 (50 to 80) | n=25 73 (68 to 78) | n=27 73 (68 to 78) | 2.5 (-5.8 to 10.9) | 0.6 |
| Perceived stress score (possible range: 0–40. 13 is considered average, high stress groups: 20+) | n=25 14.9 (11.8 to 18.0) | n=34 18.2 (15.2 to 21.2) | n=25 14.7 (13.1 to 16.4) | n=34 17.2 (15.5 to 18.8) | −2.7 (-6.1 to 5.1) | 0.11 |
bpm, beats per minute; CIMT, carotid intima media thickness; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HPA, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.