Predicting the odds for any sickness absence (SA) (logistic model) and the duration of SA, if any (zero-truncated negative binomial (NB) part) in the negative binomial Hurdle model: all covariates included
| OG | Gender | Explanatory variable | N | Logistic model (0 vs >0) | Zero-truncated NB (>0) | ||
| OR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | ||||
| BC | Female | (Intercept) | 1.13 | (0.82 to 1.56) | 8.48 | (6.48 to 11.10) | |
| No findings | 198 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Some symptoms | 1471 | 1.70 | (1.25 to 2.31) | 0.97 | (0.74 to 1.27) | ||
| Health risk | 843 | 1.70 | (1.23 to 2.37) | 1.05 | (0.79 to 1.40) | ||
| WD risk, 1 risk factor | 840 | 2.68 | (1.91 to 3.75) | 1.21 | (0.91 to 1.61) | ||
| WD risk, 2 risk factors | 335 | 3.65 | (2.37 to 5.61) | 1.51 | (1.11 to 2.06) | ||
| WD risk, 3–5 risk factors | 219 | 3.46 | (2.08 to 5.75) | 1.95 | (1.39 to 2.74) | ||
| BMI>18.5 and ≤25 | 1866 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| BMI≤18.5 | 53 | 1.13 | (0.58 to 2.21) | 1.42 | (0.94 to 2.17) | ||
| BMI>25 and ≤30 | 1210 | 1.09 | (0.92 to 1.29) | 1.23 | (1.10 to 1.39) | ||
| BMI>30 | 684 | 1.27 | (1.02 to 1.58) | 1.29 | (1.12 to 1.49) | ||
| Age>30 and ≤40 | 829 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Age≤30 | 701 | 0.84 | (0.66 to 1.07) | 1.06 | (0.91 to 1.24) | ||
| Age>40 and ≤50 | 1020 | 0.66 | (0.53 to 0.82) | 1.02 | (0.88 to 1.17) | ||
| Age>50 and ≤60 | 1067 | 0.71 | (0.57 to 0.88) | 1.08 | (0.94 to 1.24) | ||
| Age>60 | 289 | 0.40 | (0.30 to 0.54) | 1.02 | (0.82 to 1.28) | ||
| Problems in well-being | 881 | 0.99 | (0.82 to 1.20) | 1.04 | (0.92 to 1.17) | ||
| Sick leaves before the questionnaire | 1.048 | (1.039 to 1.057) | 1.019 | (1.016 to 1.022) | |||
| Male | (Intercept) | 1.12 | (0.83 to 1.51) | 5.23 | (4.05 to 6.75) | ||
| No findings | 274 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Some symptoms | 1060 | 1.28 | (0.97 to 1.69) | 1.05 | (0.82 to 1.34) | ||
| Health risk | 691 | 1.33 | (0.98 to 1.79) | 1.25 | (0.97 to 1.61) | ||
| WD risk, 1 risk factor | 456 | 1.63 | (1.17 to 2.28) | 2.06 | (1.57 to 2.72) | ||
| WD risk, 2 risk factors | 147 | 1.70 | (1.06 to 2.75) | 2.16 | (1.53 to 3.07) | ||
| WD risk, 3–5 risk factors | 69 | 1.81 | (0.89 to 3.68) | 3.29 | (2.13 to 5.08) | ||
| BMI≤25 | 933 | 1.00 | ref. | 1.00 | ref. | ||
| BMI>25 and ≤30 | 1205 | 1.22 | (1.01 to 1.47) | 1.16 | (1.00 to 1.35) | ||
| BMI>30 | 527 | 1.57 | (1.22 to 2.02) | 1.15 | (0.96 to 1.38) | ||
| Age>30 and ≤40 | 702 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Age<30 | 475 | 0.88 | (0.68 to 1.14) | 1.04 | (0.86 to 1.26) | ||
| Age>40 and ≤50 | 684 | 0.74 | (0.59 to 0.94) | 1.38 | (1.16 to 1.64) | ||
| Age>50 and ≤60 | 659 | 0.56 | (0.44 to 0.71) | 1.16 | (0.97 to 1.39) | ||
| Age>60 | 177 | 0.31 | (0.22 to 0.44) | 1.32 | (0.96 to 1.82) | ||
| Problems in well-being | 447 | 1.28 | (1.00 to 1.64) | 1.04 | (0.87 to 1.23) | ||
| Sick leaves before the questionnaire | 1.053 | (1.042 to 1.065) | 1.020 | (1.015 to 1.024) | |||
| C | Female | (Intercept) | 0.67 | (0.54 to 0.83) | 6.27 | (4.94 to 7.96) | |
| No findings | 425 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Some symptoms | 3390 | 1.47 | (1.19 to 1.82) | 0.90 | (0.72 to 1.14) | ||
| Health risk | 1344 | 1.72 | (1.36 to 2.18) | 1.17 | (0.91 to 1.51) | ||
| WD risk, 1 risk factor | 1403 | 2.30 | (1.82 to 2.91) | 1.34 | (1.05 to 1.71) | ||
| WD risk, 2 risk factors | 500 | 2.47 | (1.85 to 3.29) | 1.27 | (0.96 to 1.68) | ||
| WD risk, 3–5 risk factors | 272 | 2.45 | (1.73 to 3.47) | 2.20 | (1.60 to 3.03) | ||
| BMI>18.5 and ≤25 | 3775 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| BMI≤18.5 | 81 | 0.82 | (0.52 to 1.30) | 0.68 | (0.43 to 1.07) | ||
| BMI>25 and ≤30 | 2213 | 1.08 | (0.96 to 1.20) | 1.10 | (0.99 to 1.22) | ||
| BMI>30 | 1192 | 1.37 | (1.18 to 1.59) | 1.23 | (1.08 to 1.4) | ||
| Age>30 and ≤40 | 1543 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Age<30 | 577 | 0.94 | (0.77 to 1.14) | 1.01 | (0.84 to 1.21) | ||
| Age>40 and ≤50 | 2036 | 0.80 | (0.70 to 0.93) | 1.07 | (0.94 to 1.21) | ||
| Age>50 and ≤60 | 2482 | 0.63 | (0.55 to 0.72) | 1.12 | (0.99 to 1.27) | ||
| Age>60 | 696 | 0.45 | (0.37 to 0.55) | 1.13 | (0.93 to 1.36) | ||
| Problems in well-being | 1308 | 1.10 | (0.96 to 1.25) | 1.05 | (0.94 to 1.19) | ||
| Sick leaves before the questionnaire | 1.053 | (1.046 to 1.060) | 1.019 | (1.016 to 1.022) | |||
| Male | (Intercept) | 0.36 | (0.29 to 0.45) | 4.30 | (3.16 to 5.85) | ||
| No findings | 532 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Some symptoms | 2198 | 1.41 | (1.13 to 1.76) | 1.01 | (0.76 to 1.33) | ||
| Health risk | 953 | 1.50 | (1.16 to 1.93) | 1.07 | (0.78 to 1.46) | ||
| WD risk, 1 risk factor | 590 | 2.50 | (1.91 to 3.27) | 1.46 | (1.06 to 2.02) | ||
| WD risk, 2 risk factors | 197 | 2.70 | (1.87 to 3.91) | 2.42 | (1.61 to 3.65) | ||
| WD risk, 3–5 risk factors | 85 | 3.51 | (2.11 to 5.86) | 2.85 | (1.68 to 4.85) | ||
| BMI≤25 | 1687 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| BMI>25 and ≤30 | 211 | 1.12 | (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.18 | (0.99 to 1.39) | ||
| BMI>30 | 734 | 1.23 | (1.01 to 1.49) | 1.35 | (1.08 to 1.69) | ||
| Age>30 and ≤40 | 1143 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Age<30 | 391 | 0.82 | (0.64 to 1.05) | 1.25 | (0.93 to 1.69) | ||
| Age>40 and ≤50 | 1179 | 0.75 | (0.63 to 0.90) | 1.33 | (1.08 to 1.62) | ||
| Age>50 and ≤60 | 1347 | 0.64 | (0.54 to 0.76) | 1.40 | (1.13 to 1.73) | ||
| Age>60 | 495 | 0.47 | (0.37 to 0.60) | 1.80 | (1.34 to 2.43) | ||
| Problems in well-being | 551 | 1.18 | (0.97 to 1.44) | 0.95 | (0.76 to 1.18) | ||
| Sick leaves before the questionnaire | 1.040 | (1.032 to 1.048) | 1.016 | (1.010 to 1.022) | |||
| P/M | Female | (Intercept) | 0.57 | (0.36 to 0.91) | 2.66 | (1.52 to 4.65) | |
| No findings | 95 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Some symptoms | 774 | 1.12 | (0.71 to 1.76) | 1.88 | (1.10 to 3.20) | ||
| Health risk | 220 | 1.17 | (0.69 to 1.99) | 2.00 | (1.09 to 3.67) | ||
| WD risk, 1 risk factor | 254 | 1.43 | (0.86 to 2.36) | 2.06 | (1.15 to 3.68) | ||
| WD risk, 2 risk factors | 69 | 1.69 | (0.86 to 3.33) | 2.32 | (1.12 to 4.82) | ||
| WD risk, 3–5 risk factors | 35 | 2.02 | (0.87 to 4.73) | 2.99 | (1.25 to 7.13) | ||
| BMI>18.5 and ≤25 | 817 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| BMI≤18.5 | 11 | 0.31 | (0.06 to 1.45) | 0.70 | (0.08 to 5.83) | ||
| BMI>25 and ≤30 | 416 | 1.46 | (1.14 to 1.87) | 1.18 | (0.89 to 1.57) | ||
| BMI>30 | 193 | 1.27 | (0.90 to 1.79) | 1.16 | (0.80 to 1.67) | ||
| Age>30 and ≤40 | 349 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Age<30 | 6 | 0.85 | (0.48 to 1.50) | 0.64 | (0.33 to 1.22) | ||
| Age>40 and ≤50 | 485 | 0.88 | (0.66 to 1.17) | 0.95 | (0.70 to 1.31) | ||
| Age>50 and ≤60 | 414 | 0.92 | (0.68 to 1.24) | 1.13 | (0.81 to 1.56) | ||
| Age>60 | 139 | 0.63 | (0.42 to 0.96) | 1.48 | (0.91 to 2.39) | ||
| Problems in well-being | 194 | 0.95 | (0.68 to 1.32) | 1.64 | (1.13 to 2.38) | ||
| Sick leaves before the questionnaire | 1.040 | (1.025 to 1.056) | 1.027 | (1.015 to 1.039) | |||
| Male | (Intercept) | 0.41 | (0.29 to 0.57) | 2.47 | (1.54 to 3.97) | ||
| No findings | 232 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Some symptoms | 913 | 1.07 | (0.77 to 1.49) | 1.17 | (0.76 to 1.82) | ||
| Health risk | 292 | 1.37 | (0.91 to 2.05) | 1.08 | (0.63 to 1.86) | ||
| WD risk, 1 risk factor | 176 | 1.38 | (0.89 to 2.14) | 1.46 | (0.82 to 2.62) | ||
| WD risk, 2 risk factors | 36 | 1.96 | (0.92 to 4.17) | 0.67 | (0.27 to 1.66) | ||
| WD risk, 3–5 risk factors | 20 | 2.39 | (0.92 to 6.18) | 1.23 | (0.41 to 3.75) | ||
| BMI≤25 | 631 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| BMI>25 and ≤30 | 805 | 1.11 | (0.88 to 1.40) | 1.04 | (0.76 to 1.42) | ||
| BMI>30 | 228 | 1.53 | (1.09 to 2.15) | 1.61 | (1.03 to 2.53) | ||
| Age>30 and ≤40 | 457 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | ||
| Age<30 | 79 | 1.02 | (0.62 to 1.70) | 1.14 | (0.60 to 2.16) | ||
| Age>40 and ≤50 | 543 | 0.71 | (0.54 to 0.93) | 1.74 | (1.23 to 2.47) | ||
| Age>50 and ≤60 | 464 | 0.68 | (0.51 to 0.91) | 2.11 | (1.45 to 3.08) | ||
| Age>60 | 126 | 0.64 | (0.41 to 1.00) | 2.64 | (1.46 to 4.76) | ||
| Problems in well-being | 154 | 1.05 | (0.73 to 1.53) | 1.86 | (1.15 to 3.01) | ||
| Sick leaves before the questionnaire | 1.032 | (1.017 to 1.046) | 1.023 | (1.009 to 1.037) | |||
Logistic model refers to the model component for predicting membership to the subpopulation A with high propensity to zero absence, and zero-truncated NB to the component predicting the days on sick leave among the susceptible subpopulation B. To facilitate interpretation, for the zero-inflation part we have shown the ORs associated with the complementary propensity to having any sickness absence, that is, inclusion in subpopulation B.
Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.
Health risk category does not include weight problems.
BC, blue collar; BMI, body mass index; C, clerical; OG, occupational group; P/M, professional/manager; RR, risk ratio; WD, work disability.