Participant characteristics by frailty
| Variable | Total (n=3635) | Non-frailty (n=2629) | Frailty (n=1006) | χ2 | P value |
| Age categories (years), n(%) | 628.52 | <0.001 | |||
| 65–79 | 1393 (38.3%) | 1248 (47.5%) | 145 (14.4%) | ||
| 80–89 | 1201 (33.0%) | 906 (34.5%) | 295 (29.3%) | ||
| 90–99 | 761 (20.9%) | 390 (14.8%) | 371 (36.9%) | ||
| ≥100+ | 280 (7.7%) | 85 (3.2%) | 195 (19.4%) | ||
| Sex, n(%) | 95.33 | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 1751 (48.2%) | 1398 (53.2%) | 353 (35.1%) | ||
| Female | 1884 (51.8%) | 1231 (46.8%) | 653 (64.9%) | ||
| Co-residence, n(%) | 7.02 | 0.008 | |||
| With household members | 2918 (80.3%) | 2080 (79.2%) | 836 (83.1%) | ||
| Alone or in an institution | 717 (19.7%) | 547 (20.8%) | 170 (16.9%) | ||
| Marital status, n(%) | 187.98 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 1584 (43.6%) | 1329 (50.6%) | 255 (25.3%) | ||
| Single | 2051 (56.4%) | 1300 (49.4%) | 751 (74.7%) | ||
| Years of schooling, n(%) | 149.47 | <0.001 | |||
| >0 | 1711 (47.1%) | 1399 (53.2%) | 312 (31.0%) | ||
| 0 | 1924 (52.9%) | 1230 (46.8%) | 694 (69.0%) | ||
| Sufficient financial support, n(%) | 16.47 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3034 (83.5%) | 2235 (85.0%) | 799 (79.4%) | ||
| No | 601 (16.5%) | 394 (15.0%) | 207 (20.6%) | ||
| Smoking, n(%) | 50.78 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2411 (66.3%) | 1676 (63.8%) | 735 (73.1%) | ||
| Yes | 1224 (33.7%) | 953 (36.2%) | 271 (26.9%) | ||
| Drinking, n(%) | 61.6 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2618 (72.0%) | 1834 (69.8%) | 784 (77.9%) | ||
| Yes | 1017 (28.0%) | 795 (30.2%) | 222 (22.1%) | ||
| Do physical labour regularly, n(%) | 6.4 | 0.011 | |||
| Yes | 2992 (82.3%) | 2190 (83.3%) | 802 (79.7%) | ||
| No | 643 (17.7%) | 439 (16.7%) | 204 (20.3%) | ||
| Do exercise, n(%) | 166.65 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1157 (31.8%) | 999 (38.0%) | 158 (15.7%) | ||
| No | 2478 (68.2%) | 1630 (62.0%) | 848 (84.3%) | ||
| Teeth number, n(%) | 182.13 | <0.001 | |||
| >20 | 672 (18.5%) | 594 (22.6%) | 78 (7.8%) | ||
| 11-20 | 643 (17.7%) | 519 (19.7%) | 124 (12.3%) | ||
| 1-10 | 1179 (32.4%) | 814 (31.0%) | 365 (36.3%) | ||
| 0 | 1141 (31.4%) | 702 (26.7%) | 439 (43.6%) | ||
| Chewing pain, n(%) | 0.75 | 0.387 | |||
| No | 3066 (84.3%) | 2209 (84.0%) | 857 (85.2%) | ||
| Yes | 569 (15.7%) | 420 (16.0%) | 149 (14.8%) | ||
| BMI*, kg/m2, n(%) | 86.32 | <0.001 | |||
| <18.5 | 633 (17.4%) | 364 (13.8%) | 269 (26.7%) | ||
| 18.5–23.9 | 2012 (55.4%) | 1529 (58.2%) | 483 (48.0%) | ||
| 24–27.9 | 748 (20.6%) | 563 (21.4%) | 185 (18.4%) | ||
| ≥28 | 242 (6.7%) | 173 (6.6%) | 69 (6.9%) |
*BMI refers to Body Mass Index.