Characteristics | Total | Completed follow-up | Dropout | Deceased | P value* |
(n=3517) | (n=2514) | (n=855) | (n=148) | ||
Women, n (%) | 2354 (66.9) | 1702 (67.7) | 603 (70.5) | 49 (33.1) | <0.001 |
Rural residents, n (%) | 647 (18.4) | 378 (15.0) | 228 (26.7) | 41 (27.7) | <0.001 |
Age, years | 71.9±4.6 | 71.3±4.3 | 73.1±4.9 | 75.5±5.9 | <0.001 |
<70 | 1201 (34.2) | 970 (38.5) | 209 (24.4) | 22 (14.9) | <0.001 |
70–74 | 1356 (38.6) | 971 (38.6) | 333 (39.0) | 52 (35.1) | |
75–79 | 723 (20.5) | 464 (18.5) | 218 (25.5) | 41 (27.7) | |
80–84 | 211 (6.0) | 105 (4.2) | 85 (9.9) | 21 (14.2) | |
85 or older | 26 (0.7) | 4 (0.2) | 10 (1.2) | 12 (8.1) | |
Highest level of education | |||||
Elementary school | 1871 (53.2) | 1255 (50.0) | 536 (62.8) | 80 (54.4) | <0.001 |
Middle school | 597 (17.0) | 436 (17.3) | 128 (15.0) | 33 (22.5) | |
High school | 685 (19.5) | 535 (21.3) | 132 (15.5) | 18 (12.2) | |
College/university or higher | 361 (10.3) | 287 (11.4) | 58 (6.7) | 16 (10.9) | |
Household income(US$/month) | |||||
Less than 420 | 788 (22.6) | 507 (20.3) | 233 (27.5) | 48 (33.8) | <0.001 |
420–840 | 819 (23.5) | 543 (21.8) | 235 (27.7) | 41 (28.9) | |
841–1260 | 630 (18.1) | 455 (18.2) | 159 (18.8) | 16 (11.2) | |
1261–1685 | 319 (9.1) | 238 (9.5) | 66 (7.8) | 15 (10.6) | |
1685 or higher | 932 (26.7) | 755 (30.2) | 155 (18.2) | 22 (15.5) | |
Physical activity | |||||
Active, n (%) | 189 (5.4) | 139 (5.6) | 47 (5.5) | 3 (2.0) | <0.001 |
Moderate, n (%) | 1169 (33.2) | 793 (31.5) | 338 (39.5) | 38 (25.7) | |
Inactive, n (%) | 2159 (61.4) | 1582 (62.9) | 470 (55.0) | 107 (72.3) | |
Drinking | |||||
Non-drinkers, n (%) | 2212 (62.9) | 1543 (61.4) | 588 (68.8) | 81 (55.1) | <0.001 |
Ex-drinkers, n (%) | 682 (19.4) | 503 (20.0) | 151 (17.7) | 28 (19.1) | |
Current drinker, n (%) | 621 (17.7) | 468 (18.6) | 115 (13.5) | 38 (25.8) | |
Smoking | |||||
Non-smokers, n (%) | 2585 (73.5) | 1880 (74.7) | 641 (75.1) | 64 (43.5) | <0.001 |
Ex-smokers, n (%) | 691 (19.7) | 492 (19.6) | 141 (16.5) | 58 (39.2) | |
Current smokers, n (%) | 239 (6.8) | 142 (5.7) | 72 (8.4) | 25 (17.0) | |
K-MMSE | 24.4±3.6 | 24.9±3.2 | 23.2±4.0 | 23.4±4.1 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3±3.0 | 24.2±2.9 | 24.4±3.3 | 23.7±3.3 | 0.034 |
BMI <18.5 | 91 (2.6) | 46 (1.8) | 35 (4.1) | 10 (6.8) | <0.001 |
BMI 18.5–24.9 | 2057 (58.5) | 1506 (60.0) | 462 (54.0) | 89 (60.1) | |
BMI 25.0–29.9 | 1236 (35.1) | 883 (35.1) | 307 (35.9) | 46 (31.1) | |
BMI≥30.0 | 133 (3.8) | 79 (3.1) | 51 (6.0) | 3 (2.0) | |
Physical function | |||||
Low handgrip strength† | 536 (15.2) | 317 (12.6) | 186 (21.7) | 33 (22.3) | <0.001 |
Low TUG performance‡ | 591 (16.8) | 359 (14.3) | 193 (22.6) | 39 (26.4) | <0.001 |
Low CRT performance§ | 1026 (29.2) | 674 (26.8) | 292 (34.2) | 60 (40.5) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension¶ | 2204 (62.7) | 1546 (61.5) | 556 (65.1) | 102 (69.4) | 0.039 |
Diabetes** | 843 (24.0) | 568 (22.6) | 232 (27.2) | 43 (29.3) | 0.008 |
Stroke†† | 157 (4.5) | 104 (4.1) | 39 (4.8) | 14 (9.5) | 0.009 |
Active cancer‡‡ | 302 (8.6) | 219 (8.7) | 64 (7.5) | 19 (12.9) | 0.088 |
Chronic kidney disease§§ | 270 (7.7) | 159 (6.3) | 80 (9.4) | 31 (21.0) | <0.001 |
*χ2 test for categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables.
†Low handgrip strength:<26 kg in men;<18 kg in women.
‡Low TUG performance: 12.6 s or higher.
§Low CRT performance: 12 s or higher for 5 times of chair rise.
¶Hypertension was defined as having one or more following conditions: (1) doctor-diagnosed hypertension; (2) current anti-hypertensive medication use; (3) systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or higher; or (4) diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or higher.
**Diabetes was defined as having one or more following conditions: (1) doctor-diagnosed diabetes; (3) current anti-diabetic medications; (3) fasting glucose 126 mg/dL or higher; or 4) haemoglobin A1c 6.5% or higher.
††Stroke was defined as doctor-diagnosed any stroke event in the past.
‡‡Active cancer was defined as doctor-diagnosed cancer receiving active anti-cancer therapy; diagnosed within past 6 months; or recurrent, metastatic or inoperable.
§§Chronic kidney disease was defined as doctor-diagnosed chronic kidney disease.
BMI, body mass index; CRT, chair rise test; K-MMSE, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; TUG, timed get-up-and-go;US$, United States Dollar.