Table 2

Determinants of ANC uptake, frequency and timing

Factor	Determinants	At least one ANC visit	At least four ANC visits	Initiation of ANC in first trimester
Predisposing factors
	Maternal age	23 46–51	30 33 34 43 49 52–55	56 57
	Maternal education	9 23 25 46 47 49–51 53 58–68	.15 24 25 27 29 30 49 53 54 64 67 69–71	23 24 56 57 70 72
	Maternal occupation/ employment status	47 48 59 62 67 75 76	29 30 33 73 74 77)	33 57 76
	Husband/partner’s occupation	68	NA	NA
	Husband/partner’s education	63	22 30 41 63 73 74	NA
	Maternal religion	48 75 78	27 54 66 77	57
	Marital status and family type	63 79 80	42 70 79	53 81 82
	Parity/family and household size	46 47 49 51 60 61 83	15 30 40 42 70 77	57 67 78 81 82 84 85
	Ethnicity and cultural Influence	61 66 75	75	NA
	Residence/geographical location	15 33 35 59 62 64 66 73 78 80 90 91	44 46 48 49 51 63 80	33 72 78 92
Enabling factors
	Household wealth/socioeconomic status	51 60 63 65–67 71 80 88	15 25 27 29 30 32 41 54 64 69 77 89–91	57 70
	Distance from health facilities	9 46 48 61 68 86 93	34 53 54	33 72 78 92
	Health insurance/user-fee exemption	94 95	41 54 90	72 81 96
	Involvement in decision-making/autonomy	NA	29 30 73 87	72
	Husband/partner’s approval and support	46 50 58 97	52 98	NA
Need factors
	Knowledge/exposure to media	48 58 75 83 86	22 30 54 64 77	72 87
	Attitude and perception towards ANC	46	(32	56 87
	Pregnancy wantedness and planning	46 47 50 55 58 71 83 85 100	13 53 78 81 98 100	81
	Current/previous pregnancy and health experiences	50 55 89	87	56 84
	Quality/content of services	97	53 60 81 93	NA