Factor | Determinants | At least one ANC visit | At least four ANC visits | Initiation of ANC in first trimester |
Predisposing factors | ||||
Maternal age | 23 46–51 | 30 33 34 43 49 52–55 | 56 57 | |
Maternal education | 9 23 25 46 47 49–51 53 58–68 | .15 24 25 27 29 30 49 53 54 64 67 69–71 | 23 24 56 57 70 72 | |
Maternal occupation/ employment status | 47 48 59 62 67 75 76 | 29 30 33 73 74 77) | 33 57 76 | |
Husband/partner’s occupation | 68 | NA | NA | |
Husband/partner’s education | 63 | 22 30 41 63 73 74 | NA | |
Maternal religion | 48 75 78 | 27 54 66 77 | 57 | |
Marital status and family type | 63 79 80 | 42 70 79 | 53 81 82 | |
Parity/family and household size | 46 47 49 51 60 61 83 | 15 30 40 42 70 77 | 57 67 78 81 82 84 85 | |
Ethnicity and cultural Influence | 61 66 75 | 75 | NA | |
Residence/geographical location | 15 33 35 59 62 64 66 73 78 80 90 91 | 44 46 48 49 51 63 80 | 33 72 78 92 | |
Enabling factors | ||||
Household wealth/socioeconomic status | 51 60 63 65–67 71 80 88 | 15 25 27 29 30 32 41 54 64 69 77 89–91 | 57 70 | |
Distance from health facilities | 9 46 48 61 68 86 93 | 34 53 54 | 33 72 78 92 | |
Health insurance/user-fee exemption | 94 95 | 41 54 90 | 72 81 96 | |
Involvement in decision-making/autonomy | NA | 29 30 73 87 | 72 | |
Husband/partner’s approval and support | 46 50 58 97 | 52 98 | NA | |
Need factors | ||||
Knowledge/exposure to media | 48 58 75 83 86 | 22 30 54 64 77 | 72 87 | |
Attitude and perception towards ANC | 46 | (32 | 56 87 | |
Pregnancy wantedness and planning | 46 47 50 55 58 71 83 85 100 | 13 53 78 81 98 100 | 81 | |
Current/previous pregnancy and health experiences | 50 55 89 | 87 | 56 84 | |
Quality/content of services | 97 | 53 60 81 93 | NA |
ANC, antenatal care; NA, not applicable.