Summary results of meta-analysis of associations of parental factors and cognitive, motor and language developments
| Risk factor | Cognitive | Motor | Language | |||||||||
| No of studies | Adjusted* SMD (95% CI) | P value | I2 (%) | No of studies | Adjusted* SMD (95% CI) | P value | I2 (%) | No of studies | Adjusted* SMD (95% CI) | P value | I2 (%) | |
| Mother's education | ||||||||||||
| No education (<1 years) | 15 | −0.12 (–0.24 to –0.008) | 0.05 | 50.8 | 18 | −0.07 (–0.13 to –0.01) | 0.03 | 18.2 | 5 | −0.06 (–0.21 to –0.09) | 0.49 | 35.5 |
| Primary (1- <6 years) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Secondary (6- <10 years) | 17 | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.24) | <0.01 | 59.7 | 19 | 0.12 (0.06 to 0.18) | <0.01 | 51.8 | 5 | 0.13 (0.04 to 0.21) | 0.04 | 0.0 |
| Higher (≥10 years) | 17 | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.48) | <0.01 | 65.8 | 19 | 0.26 (0.14 to 0.38) | <0.01 | 70.6 | 5 | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.33) | 0.03 | 0.0 |
| Father's education | ||||||||||||
| No education (<1 years) | 13 | −0.005 (–0.08 to 0.07) | 0.91 | 0.0 | 17 | −0.08 (–0.11 to –0.04) | <0.01 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.02 (–0.15 to 0.20) | 0.80 | 30.0 |
| Primary (1- <6 years) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Secondary (6- <10 years) | 15 | 0.06 (0.015 to 0.11) | 0.02 | 0.0 | 17 | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.13) | <0.01 | 30.3 | 4 | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.16) | 0.08 | 0.0 |
| Higher (≥10 years) | 15 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.21) | <0.01 | 0.0 | 17 | 0.18 (0.10 to 0.26) | <0.01 | 42.3 | 4 | 0.22 (0.11 to 0.32) | 0.03 | 17.9 |
| Mother's age (years) | ||||||||||||
| <15 | 5 | −0.06 (–0.13 to 0.25) | 0.57 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.12 (–0.06 to 0.30) | 0.25 | 0.0 | 2 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 15- <20 years | 18 | −0.007 (–0.06 to 0.05) | 0.80 | 10.7 | 20 | −0.02 (–0.11 to 0.08) | 0.75 | 83.6 | 6 | 0.01 (–0.09 to 0.11) | 0.85 | 37.0 |
| 20–34 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| ≥35 years | 18 | −0.01 (–0.06 to 0.04) | 0.58 | 0.0 | 20 | −0.006 (–0.07 to 0.05) | 0.85 | 50.1 | 6 | 0.02 (–0.05 to 0.09) | 0.59 | 0.0 |
| Mother's height | ||||||||||||
| <145 cm | 11 | −0.10 (–0.20 to –0.004) | 0.07 | 0.0 | 13 | −0.11 (–0.19 to –0.03) | 0.02 | 21.5 | 5 | −0.11 (–0.31 to 0.09) | 0.35 | 0.0 |
| 145- <150 cm | 13 | −0.11 (–0.19 to –0.02) | 0.03 | 27.1 | 15 | −0.07 (–0.16 to 0.03) | 0.17 | 71.1 | 5 | −0.06 (–0.13 to 0.06) | 0.52 | 0.0 |
| 150- <155 cm | 13 | −0.09 (–0.14 to –0.04) | <0.01 | 3.3 | 15 | −0.04 (–0.09 to 0.009) | 0.14 | 31.5 | 5 | −0.05 (–0.12 to 0.02) | 0.22 | 0.0 |
| >155 cm | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Mother's BMI (kg/m2 ) | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 11 | −0.11 (-0.20 to -0.02) | 0.03 | 12.7 | 13 | −0.02 (-0.11 to 0.07) | 0.69 | 51.4 | 3 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 18.5- <25 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| 25- <30 | 12 | 0.03 (-0.04 to 0.09) | 0.44 | 23.3 | 14 | 0.04 (-0.03 to 0.11) | 0.31 | 64.6 | 4 | −0.04 (-0.21 to 0.13) | 0.70 | 61.0 |
| ≥30 | 12 | −0.02 (-0.17 to 0.14) | 0.82 | 46.3 | 14 | −0.02 (-0.14 to 0.10) | 0.77 | 63.6 | 4 | −0.14 (-0.34 to 0.06) | 0.26 | 35.9 |
| Mother's haemoglobin level (g/L) | ||||||||||||
| Normal (≥110 g/L)) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Mild anaemia (100–109 g/L) | 4 | −0.06 (-0.15 to 0.03) | 0.28 | 0.0 | 11 | 0.06 (0.008 to 0.11) | 0.04 | 29.7 | 1 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Moderate anaemia (70–99 g/L) | 4 | −0.06 (-0.19 to 0.06) | 0.39 | 0.0 | 6 | −0.01 (-0.06 to 0.04) | 0.68 | 16.3 | 1 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
*Adjusted for child’s gender and age, mother’s education and household wealth.
BMI, body mass index; SMD, standardised mean difference.