Characteristics | Han ethnic majority | Na Xi ethnic minority | Li Shu ethnic minority | Dai ethnic minority | Jing Po ethnic minority | All |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 59.2** | 67.1** | 59.6** | 66.9** | 72.2** | 64.8** |
Female | 1.1 | 0.8 | 11.3 | 0.7 | 23.1** | 7.1 |
Age (years) | ||||||
35–44 | 36.5* | 34.9* | 32.1* | 38.5* | 41.3* | 36.2* |
45–59 | 34.3 | 31.5 | 35.1 | 35.1 | 49.5 | 35.3 |
≥60 | 23.1 | 27.2 | 39.2 | 26.9 | 52.2 | 31.0 |
Level of education | ||||||
Illiterate | 38.7** | 35.8* | 36.1* | 35.2* | 49.6* | 39.5* |
Primary (grade 1–6) | 31.0 | 32.5 | 34.2 | 31.3 | 45.9 | 35.3 |
Middle (grade 7–9) or higher | 26.8 | 28.7 | 31.4 | 31.7 | 40.2 | 30.6 |
Level of annual household income | ||||||
Low | 24.2 | 27.2 | 35.6 | 37.4 | 46.4 | 33.8 |
Medium | 28.7 | 33.5 | 33.8 | 36.7 | 48.7 | 36.2 |
High | 28.1 | 29.1 | 34.2 | 33.8 | 43.2 | 34.4 |
All | 30.2 | 31.3 | 35.1 | 33.2 | 47.4* | 35.1 |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, the χ2 tests for independence were conducted for prevalence of current smoking across socioeconomic status in all five studied ethnicities.