Sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic profile of 11 645 nonagenarian living with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| Available values, % | All | Females | Males | P value | Effect size | |
| No (%) | 100 | 11 645 | 8507 (73.1) | 3138 (26.9) | – | – |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 100 | 92.9 (2.5) | 93 (2.6) | 92.5 (2.2) | <0.01 | 0.21* |
| Living in a nursing home (%) | 100 | 1587 (13.6) | 1301 (15.3) | 286 (9.1) | <0.01 | 0.08† |
| Basic activities of daily living | 48.4 | |||||
| Barthel Index, mean (SD) | 61.5 (29.7) | 58.8 (29.7) | 68.7 (28.5) | <0.01 | 0.34* | |
| Barthel Index categories | ||||||
| Functionally independent (%) | 562 (10) | 324 (7.8) | 238 (16) | <0.01 | 0.16† | |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | 47.9 | |||||
| Lawton and Brody Index, mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 3.4 (2.5) | 3.8 (2.4) | <0.01 | 0.16* | |
| Lawton and Brody categories (%) | ||||||
| Functionally independent (%) | 501 (9) | 350 (8.6) | 151 (10) | <0.01 | 0.09† | |
| Smoking | 64.5 | |||||
| Current smoker (%) | 121 (1.6) | 36 (0.7) | 85 (4) | <0.01 | 0.16† | |
| Former smoker (%) | 97 (1.3) | 27 (0.5) | 70 (3.3) | |||
| Never smoker (%) | 7294 (97.1) | 5325 (98.8) | 1969 (92.7) | |||
| History of | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 100 | 9483 (81.4) | 7204 (84.7) | 2279 (72.6) | <0.01 | 0.14† |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 100 | 1744 (15) | 1068 (12.6) | 676 (21.5) | <0.01 | 0.12† |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 100 | 786 (6.7) | 438 (5.1) | 348 (11.1) | <0.01 | 0.11† |
| Stroke (%) | 100 | 1876 (16.1) | 1357 (16) | 519 (16.5) | 0.44 | 0.01† |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 100 | 464 (4) | 198 (2.3) | 266 (8.5) | <0.01 | 0.14† |
| Heart failure (%) | 100 | 1706 (14.7) | 1266 (14.9) | 440 (14) | 0.24 | 0.01† |
| Chronic atrial fibrillation (%) | 100 | 2270 (19.5) | 1611 (18.9) | 659 (21) | 0.01 | 0.01† |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 100 | 5500 (47.2) | 4207 (49.5) | 1293 (41.2) | <0.01 | 0.07† |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 100 | 1876 (16.1) | 1290 (15.2) | 586 (18.7) | <0.01 | 0.04† |
| Albuminuria (%) | 29.6 | 1625 (40.4) | 1085 (37.8) | 540 (46.8) | <0.01 | 0.08† |
| Dementia (%) | 100 | 1550 (13.3) | 1255 (14.8) | 295 (9.4) | <0.01 | 0.07† |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 100 | 7.37 (1.39) | 7.30 (1.33) | 7.57 (1.2) | <0.01 | 0.10* |
| Anthropometric variables | ||||||
| SBP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 72.6 | 131.1 (17.1) | 131.7 (17.2) | 129.4 (16.7) | <0.01 | 0.14* |
| DBP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 72.6 | 70,1 (9.5) | 70.6 (9.5) | 68.9 (9.4) | <0.01 | 0.18* |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 46.2 | 27 (4.5) | 27.2 (4.8) | 26.6 (4) | <0.01 | 0.14* |
| BMI categories | 46.2 | |||||
| BMI <25 Kg/m2, n (%) | 1824 (33.9) | 1243 (33.4) | 581 (35) | <0.01 | 0.10† | |
| BMI 25–29 kg/m2, n (%) | 2317 (43.1) | 1515 (40.7) | 802 (48.3) | |||
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2, n (%) | 1240 (23) | 961 (25.8) | 279 (16.8) | |||
| Laboratory measures | ||||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 77.3 | 120.1 (40.7) | 120.1 (42.7) | 120.1 (40.7) | 0.97 | 0.00* |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 68.4 | 6.8 (1.1) | 6.8 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.1) | 0.50 | 0.00* |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 70.4 | 49.1 (14.3) | 50.4 (14.7) | 45.3 (12.4) | <0.01 | 0.38* |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 76.6 | 168.5 (37.8) | 173.5 (37.9) | 154.7 (34) | <0.01 | 0.52* |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 70.1 | 95.6 (31) | 98.2 (31.6) | 88.2 (27.9) | <0.01 | 0.33* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 75.2 | 125.2 (61.8) | 130.8 (63.6) | 109.5 (53.6) | <0.01 | 0.36* |
| Albumin (g/dL), mean (SD) | 46 | 3.90 (0.4) | 3.88 (0.4) | 3.94 (0.5) | <0.01 | 0.13* |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 76.4 | 1.00 (0.4) | 0.96 (0.4) | 1.19 (0.5) | <0.01 | 0.51* |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (%) | 46.4 | 2650 (49.1) | 2088 (52.1) | 562 (40.2) | <0.01 | 0.10† |
| Use of | ||||||
| Diuretics, n (%) | 100 | 5520 (47.4) | 4139 (48.7) | 1381 (44) | <0.01 | 0.04† |
| Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 100 | 5279 (45.3) | 3770 (44.3) | 1509 (48.1) | <0.01 | 0.03† |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 100 | 2536 (21.8) | 1801 (21.2) | 735 (23.4) | 0.01 | 0.02† |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 100 | 2312 (19.9) | 1639 (19.3) | 673 (21.4) | 0.01 | 0.02† |
| Calcium antagonists (%) | 100 | 3101 (26.6) | 2359 (27.7) | 742 (23.6) | <0.01 | 0.04† |
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 100 | 5135 (44.1) | 3765 (44.3) | 1370 (43.7) | 0.56 | 0.01† |
| Statins, n (%) | 100 | 4776 (41) | 3420 (40.2) | 1356 (43.2) | <0.01 | 0.03† |
| Primary prevention (n=8043), n (%) | 100 | 2795 (34.8) | 2175 (35.4) | 620 (32.6) | 0.03 | 0.03† |
| Secondary prevention (n=3602), n (%) | 100 | 1981 (55) | 1245 (52.7) | 736 (59.4) | <0.01 | 0.06† |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 100 | 6086 (52.3) | 4371 (51.4) | 1715 (54.7) | <0.01 | 0.04† |
| Insulin, n (%) | 100 | 1332 (11.4) | 1027 (12.1) | 305 (9.7) | <0.01 | 0.04† |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs+Insulin, n (%) | 100 | 1352 (11.6) | 968 (11.4) | 384 (12.2) | <0.01 | 0.04† |
*Cohen’s d.
†Cramer’s V.
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure;eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.