Step/predictor | Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | ||||||||
Step 1 | Step 2a | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2b | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 c | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2d | Step 3 | |
1. Non-modifiable | (Education) | (Occupation) | (Income) | (Wealth) | ||||||||
Gender (female) | −0.62*** | −0.59*** | −0.72*** | −0.62*** | −0.64*** | −0.68*** | −0.62*** | −0.69*** | −0.70*** | −0.62*** | −0.69*** | −0.62*** |
Age | .12*** | .11*** | .10*** | .12*** | .13*** | .11*** | .12*** | .11*** | .11*** | .12*** | .11*** | .12*** |
2. Partly modifiable | ||||||||||||
2a. Education | −0.15*** | −0.11*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
2b. Occupation (manual) | – | .26*** | .20*** | – | – | – | – | |||||
2c. Net Household Income | – | – | – | −0.14*** | −0.09*** | – | – | |||||
2d. Net Financial Wealth | – | – | – | – | – | −0.17*** | −0.11*** | |||||
3. Modifiable | ||||||||||||
Smoking (current/former) | .10* | 0.09 | .10* | 0.09** | ||||||||
Alcohol consumption (>14 units per week) | .24*** | .19*** | .17*** | 0.18** | ||||||||
Body mass index (<25) | −0.05* | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.04 | ||||||||
Physical activity (rigorous sports or activities, once or more/week) | −0.14*** | −0.16*** | −0.12*** | −0.13*** | ||||||||
Physical activity (moderate sports or activities, once or more/week) | −0.24*** | −0.24*** | −0.24*** | −0.24*** | ||||||||
Physical activity (mild sports or activities, once or more/week) | −0.17*** | −0.15*** | −0.15*** | −0.14*** | ||||||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.27 |
Δ Pseudo R2 | – | 0.03 | 0.10 | – | 0.04 | 0.07 | – | 0.01 | 0.11 | – | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Mean VIF | – | - | 1.16 | – | - | 1.20 | – | - | 1.24 | – | – | 1.15 |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
HL, hearing loss; SEP, socioeconomic position; VIF, variance inflation factor.