Demographic and lifestyle characteristics among the four groups according to the presence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes
| Total | Neither DM nor MS | DM without MS | MS without DM | DM plus MS | P value | |
| n | 332 008 | 237 334 | 8416 | 45 191 | 41 067 | |
| Gender | <0.01 | |||||
| Male, n (weighted %) | 144 458 (49.9) | 98 983 (48.4) | 4049 (56.4) | 22 377 (57.1) | 19 049 (51.8) | |
| Female, n (weighted %) | 187 550 (50.1) | 138 351 (51.6) | 4367 (43.6) | 22 814 (42.9)* | 22 018 (48.2) | |
| Age | <0.01 | |||||
| <45 years, n (weighted %) | 67 420 (36.9) | 61 527 (44.7) | 944 (20.4) | 3054 (14.6) | 1895 (9.0) | |
| ≥45 years, n (weighted %) | 264 588 (63.1) | 175 807 (55.3) | 7472 (79.6) | 42 137 (85.4)* | 39 172 (91.0) | |
| Annual household income | <0.01 | |||||
| <15 000, n (weighted %) | 26 368 (9.8) | 15 248 (8.3) | 1009 (15.2) | 4100 (10.9) | 6011 (17.6) | |
| 15 000–25 000, n (weighted %) | 42 954 (15.2) | 27 083 (13.6) | 1459 (21.8) | 6503 (17.3) | 7909 (22.9) | |
| 25 000–35 000, n (weighted %) | 29 733 (9.9) | 19 853 (9.4) | 877 (11.5) | 4533 (11.0) | 4470 (12.0) | |
| 35 000–50 000, n (weighted %) | 40 705 (13.6) | 28 453 (13.5) | 1039 (13.3) | 6103 (14.7) | 5110 (13.7) | |
| >50 000, n (weighted %) | 144 082 (51.5) | 112 776 (55.2) | 2616 (38.2) | 17 422 (46.1)* | 11 268 (33.8) | |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic, Latino/Latina, or Spanish origin or no) | <0.01 | |||||
| Yes, n (weighted %) | 22 487 (13.8) | 16 018 (14.0) | 853 (19.3) | 2257 (10.3)* | 3359 (15.0) | |
| No, n (weighted %) | 307 115 (86.2) | 219 670 (86.0) | 7490 (80.7) | 42 626 (89.7) | 37 329 (85.0) | |
| Race | <0.01 | |||||
| White, n (weighted %) | 279 446 (77.8) | 202 115 (78.4) | 6730 (71.4) | 38 756 (80.4)* | 31 845 (72.7) | |
| African-American, n (weighted %) | 26 653 (12.4) | 16 453 (11.4) | 740 (13.9) | 3815 (12.9) | 5645 (18.1) | |
| American-Indian, n (weighted %) | 5718 (1.7) | 3673 (1.6) | 263 (3.3) | 670 (1.5) | 1112 (2.5) | |
| Asian, n (weighted %) | 7092 (4.8) | 5688 (5.2) | 243 (7.3) | 535 (2.5) | 626 (3.5) | |
| Native Hawaiian, n (weighted %) | 1872 (0.4) | 1338 (0.4) | 49 (0.5) | 213 (0.3) | 272 (0.3) | |
| Other race, n (weighted %) | 4058 (2.7) | 4058 (2.7) | 215 (3.5) | 647 (2.2) | 839 (2.6) | |
| No preferred race, n (weighted %) | 745 (0.3) | 577 (0.3) | 14 (0.1) | 60 (0.2) | 94 (0.2) | |
| Multiracial but preferred race not answered, n (weighted %) | 6 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | |
| Education | <0.01 | |||||
| Did not graduate high school, n (weighted %) | 21 989 (11.8) | 12 296 (9.7) | 917 (20.3) | 3607 (14.9) | 5169 (21.5) | |
| Graduated high school, n (weighted %) | 88 636 (26.9) | 58 399 (25.6) | 2672 (29.4) | 14 028 (31.2) | 13 537 (31.1) | |
| Attended college or technical school, n (weighted %) | 90 001 (31.5) | 63 868 (32.0) | 2238 (28.1) | 12 302 (30.3) | 11 593 (30.2) | |
| Graduated from college or technical school, n (weighted %) | 130 722 (29.8) | 102 289 (32.7) | 2561 (22.3) | 15 185 (23.6)* | 10 687 (17.2) | |
| Currently smoking | <0.01 | |||||
| No, n (weighted %) | 280 808 (84.5) | 200 158 (84.4) | 6944 (84.0) | 38 788 (84.7) | 34 918 (85.4) | |
| Yes, n (weighted %) | 43 947 (15.5) | 31 827 (15.6) | 1230 (16.0) | 5547 (15.3)* | 5343 (14.6) | |
| Physical activity index | <0.01 | |||||
| Meet aerobic recommendations, n (weighted %) | 164 390 (52.8) | 124 593 (55.4) | 3712 (48.2) | 20 530 (47.6) | 15 555 (40.8) | |
| Did not meet aerobic recommendations, n (weighted %) | 136 791 (47.2) | 90 370 (44.6) | 3735 (51.8) | 20 831 (52.4)* | 21 855 (59.2) | |
| Fruit | <0.01 | |||||
| Consumed fruit one or more times per day, n (weighted %) | 195 725 (61.4) | 143 690 (62.9) | 4795 (58.8) | 25 173 (56.8) | 22 067 (56.0) | |
| Consumed fruit less than one time per day, n (weighted %) | 111 948 (38.6) | 76 183 (37.1) | 2854 (41.2) | 16 897 (43.2)* | 16 014 (44.0) | |
| Vegetable | <0.01 | |||||
| Consumed vegetables one or more times per day, n (weighted %) | 243 504 (79.7) | 177 711 (81.0) | 5766 (76.9) | 32 262 (76.8) | 27 765 (73.4) | |
| Consumed vegetables less than one time per day, n (weighted %) | 58 881 (20.3) | 38 567 (19.0) | 1691 (23.1) | 9081 (23.2) | 9542 (26.6) |
*Compared with DM without MS group, p<0.05.
DM, diabetes mellitus; MS, metabolic syndrome.