Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants*
| Integrated Qigong (n) | Balance training (n) | Control (n) | |
| Age (year) | |||
| Gender (male%:female%) | |||
| Body mass index† (kg/m2) | |||
| Height (cm) | |||
| Hoehn and Yahr stage, n (%) | |||
| 1–1.5 | |||
| 2–2.5 | |||
| ≥3 | |||
| Age of onset (year) | |||
| Duration of disease (year) | |||
| Score of MoCA (/30) | |||
| Antiparkinsonian medications taken, n | |||
| Levodopa or carbidopa | |||
| Pramipexole or ropinirole | |||
| Other | |||
| Self-reported health status‡, n (%) | |||
| Poor or fair | |||
| Good | |||
| Very good or excellent | |||
| Family situation, n (%) | |||
| Living along | |||
| Living with husband/wife | |||
| Living with husband/wife and children | |||
| Score for self-reported habitual physical activity§ | |||
| Falls in previous 6 months, n |
*Mean values (SD). The χ2 test is used for categorical variables, and one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables.
†The body mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres.
‡Self-reported health status included cardiovascular disease, lung disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, liver and kidney disease, low back pain and cancer; the number of conditions per participant ranged from 0 to 9.
§This is measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly,46 with higher scores indicating higher levels of habitual physical activity.
MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.