Full Sample | Men | Men | Women | Women | |||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Age 0–15 living environment (omitted: rural area or village) | |||||||
Big city | 0.00717 | 0.0181** | 0.0151 | 0.0144 | 0.00240 | 0.0208 | 0.0261 |
(0.00878) | (0.00903) | (0.0116) | (0.0117) | (0.0147) | (0.0133) | (0.0173) | |
Suburbs or outskirts of a big city | 0.0268** | 0.0340*** | 0.0319** | 0.00443 | −0.00118 | 0.0558*** | 0.0586*** |
(0.0117) | (0.0118) | (0.0147) | (0.0148) | (0.0179) | (0.0172) | (0.0220) | |
Large town | 0.00569 | 0.0162* | 0.0132 | 0.00944 | 0.00546 | 0.0212* | 0.0209 |
(0.00868) | (0.00881) | (0.0112) | (0.0115) | (0.0144) | (0.0129) | (0.0167) | |
Small town | −0.000625 | 0.00683 | 0.00875 | 0.0118 | 0.0163 | 0.00253 | 0.00129 |
(0.00806) | (0.00806) | (0.0102) | (0.0107) | (0.0136) | (0.0117) | (0.0150) | |
Male | −0.148*** | −0.141*** | −0.140*** | ||||
(0.00580) | (0.00583) | (0.00714) | |||||
Current living environment (omitted: rural area or village) | |||||||
Big city | −0.00870 | −0.00923 | −0.00388 | ||||
(0.0120) | (0.0157) | (0.0178) | |||||
Suburbs or outskirts of a big city | −0.00255 | 0.00866 | −0.0108 | ||||
(0.0120) | (0.0157) | (0.0178) | |||||
Large town | 0.00823 | −0.0107 | 0.0282* | ||||
(0.0109) | (0.0139) | (0.0163) | |||||
Small town | −0.0216** | −0.0225* | −0.0185 | ||||
(0.0101) | (0.0128) | (0.0151) | |||||
Additional childhood controls and contemporaneous income | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 20 400 | 20 400 | 13 548 | 9029 | 6154 | 11 371 | 7394 |
Constant was not reported.
All models contain controls for age–period–cohort and country fixed effects. Childhood controls consist of self-reported and self-recalled health status, a principal component score for deprivation, self-perceived and self-recalled numeracy and literacy at age 10, and self-reported parental alcohol abuse.
Column 1 displays the estimation results from regressing the EURO-D depression score on a set of living conditions when the respondent was aged 0–15. Column 2 adds various childhood and contemporaneous controls, and column 3 controls for current living conditions. Columns 4–7 repeat the specifications of columns 2 and 3 for men and women separately, respectively.
Asterisks indicate statistical significance.