Risk of gestational diabetes following overall AD use during pregnancy
| Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
| Primary exposure | ||
| AD use from 1DG to index date† | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.45) | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.30) |
| Covariates | ||
| As of first day of gestation | ||
| Age (years) | ||
| <18 | 0.49 (0.41 to 0.59) | 0.46 (0.38 to 0.55) |
| 18–34 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| >34 | 2.01 (1.95 to 2.08) | 1.98 (1.92 to 2.05) |
| Urban residence | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.20) | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.14) |
| Recipient of social assistance | 1.24 (1.20 to 1.28) | 1.23 (1.19 to 1.28) |
| AD use during 6 months before gestation | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.17) |
| 6 months before gestation | ||
| Maternal comorbidities | ||
| Depression/anxiety | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) | 0.93 (0.88 to 1.00) |
| Chronic/gestational hypertension | 1.83 (1.66 to 2.02) | 1.51 (1.37 to 1.67) |
| Asthma | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.25) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.19) |
| Cardiovascular diseases‡ | 1.16 (1.05 to 1.29) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.16) |
| Thyroid disorders | 1.48 (1.38 to 1.59) | 1.35 (1.25 to 1.45) |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome | 2.34 (1.41 to 3.88) | 2.09 (1.25 to 3.49) |
| Medication use | ||
| Other medications excluding ADs and medications related to maternal comorbidities | ||
| 1–2 | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) |
| >2 | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.09) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.05) |
| Healthcare services utilisation | ||
| Visit to psychiatrists | 1.19 (1.09 to 1.29) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) |
| Visit to physicians | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09) |
| Hospitalisations or emergency department visits | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) |
*Adjusted for variables (a) on first day of gestation (maternal age, area of residence (urban vs rural), receipt of social assistance during pregnancy); (b) during 6 months before gestation (physician-based diagnoses or filled prescriptions of related medications for chronic comorbidities (hypertension, asthma and thyroid disorders); physician-based diagnoses of maternal diseases (depression, cardiovascular diseases and polycystic ovarian syndrome); medication use other than antidepressants and drugs for hypertension, asthma and thyroid disorders and visits to psychiatrists); history of antidepressant use and health service utilisation (visits to physicians and hospitalisations or emergency department visits).
†Exposure to any antidepressant versus no antidepressant use as reference.
‡Cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease; pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation; other forms of heart disease; cerebrovascular diseases; diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries; diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, not elsewhere classified; other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system; diseases of the circulatory system complicating pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium; abnormal results of cardiovascular function studies).
AD, antidepressant; 1DG, first day of gestation.