Table 1

The characteristics of included articles

Study IDStudy typeCountryPatients recruitedCourse of treatmentFollow-up durationQuality of outcome reportingQuality of studyInterventionsComparisons
Kang17RCTChina981 Year/22/5Triple antithrombotic therapy+CTDual antithrombotic therapy+CT
Guo et al18RCTChina62/1 Year22/5Atorvastatin+CTCT
Li et al19RCTChina768–10 Days6 Months02/5Amiodarone+dabigatranWarfarin
Bu et al20RCTChina192/1 Year23/5Low-dose warfarinNormal-dose warfarin
Pan and Liu21RCTChina906 Months/03/5Candesartan+rosuvastatinCT+candesartan
Li22RCTChina804 Weeks1 Year22/5Dabigatran+CTWarfarin+CT
Chen et al23RCTChina80/1 Year22/5Warfarin+CTAspirin+CT
Sang et al24RCTChina80/1 Year22/5Valsartan+rosuvastatin+CTCT
Guo25RCTChina601 Month6 Months22/5Amiodarone+irbesartanAmiodarone
Zuo et al26RCTChina180/3 Months23/5DabigatranWarfarin
Liu, et al27RCTChina140/1 Year02/5DabigatranWarfarin
Yang 28RCTChina120/1 Year02/5Amlodipine+amiodaroneCandesartan+amiodarone
Li et al29RCTChina603 Months/02/5Candesartan+amiodaroneAmiodarone
Yang et al30RCTChina882 Months/03/5Sotalol+irbesartanSotalol
Li et al31CoSChina744 Weeks/05/9ValsartanHydrochlorothiazide
Lin et al32RCTChina1206 Months6 Months22/5Rosuvastatin+CTCT
Qin et al33RCTChina360/2 Years02/5WarfarinAspirin
Qin et al34RCTChina360/2 Years02/5Low-dose warfarinHigh-dose warfarin; aspirin
Chen et al35RCTChina771 Year/02/5Dabigatran+clopidogrelWarfarin
Wang et al36RCTChina150/1 Year32/5Aspirin+warfarinAspirin; warfarin
Liu and Zhang37RCTChina1503 Months–1 year/02/5Low-dose warfarinHigh-dos-e warfarin; aspirin
Zhang38RCTChina118/1 Year02/5Irbesartan+CTIrbesartan
Zhang39RCTChina120/30 Days02/5AmiodaronePropafenone
Huang et al40RCTChina761 Year/22/5Irbesartan+amiodarone+CTAmiodarone+CT
Xu et al41RCTChina234/2 Years02/5AspirinLow-dose warfarin; high-dose warfarin
Lin42RCTChina158/10 Months02/5Candesartan+amiodarone+CTAmiodarone+CT
Zhang and Zong43RCTChina62/3 Months02/5High-dose warfarinNormal-dose warfarin
Guo44RCTChina1001 Year/02/5Amiodarone+irbesartanAmiodarone+metoprolol
Zhang45RCTChina1601 Year/03/5Indapamide+valsartan+CTValsartan+CT
Yang and Yao46RCTChina1503 Months/03/5Methimazole+bisoprol+CTBisoprol+CT
Zhang and Gu 47RCTChina70/3 Months02/5Amiodarone +CTAmiodarone+deacetyl glucoside
Hou and Liu48RCTChina1361 Year/02/5Amiodarone+irbesartanAmiodarone
Jiang and Xu49RCTChina704 Weeks11 Months02/5Valsartan+amiodarone+CTAmiodarone+CT
Song et al50RCTChina1201 Year/03/5Amiodarone+fosinoprilAmiodarone
Wang and Yuan51RCTChina764 Weeks/02/5Bisoprol+CTAmiodarone+CT
Yan et al52RCTChina96/2 Years02/5Propafenone+CTAmiodarone+CT
Zhang and Yin53RCTChina921 Year/22/5Irbesartan+amiodaroneAmlodipine+amiodarone
Jian54RCTChina68/3 Months02/5WarfarinAspirin
Huang and Qin655RCTChina60/2 Years02/5DabigatranWarfarin
Yang56RCTChina1801 Year/23/5Rosuvastatin+amiodarone+CTAmiodarone+CT
Liu et al57RCTChina91/2 Years22/5Moderate-dose warfarinLow-dose warfarin
Zhou et al58RCTChina1206 Months/03/5High-dose atorvastatinLow-dose atorvastatin
Chen59RCTChina966 Months/03/5Enalapril+amiodaroneAmiodarone
Wang and Jin60RCTChina1766 Months/03/5High-dos-e rosuvastatinNormal-dose rosuvastatin
Ou et al61RCTChina88/6 Months02/5Atorvastatin+CTCT
Geng et al62RCTChina198/10–20 mMonths02/5Aspirin+dipyridamoleAspirin
Chu63RCTChina901 Year/02/5Amiodarone+benaprilAmiodarone
Zhu64RCTChina863 Months/02/5Candesartan+amiodaroneAmiodarone
Lin65RCTChina901 Year/03/5Amiodarone+telmisartanAmiodarone
Duan et al66RCTChina80/1 Year02/5Amiodarone+spironolactoneAmiodarone
Lu et al67RCTChina64/2 Months03/5DabigatranWarfarin
Wei and Li68RCTChina1206 Months/22/5High-dose dabigatran +warfarinLow-dose dabigatran+warfarin
Su et al69RCTChina74/6 Months03/5AmiodaroneCedilanid
Yu70RCTChina8212 Weels/23/5Irbesartan+amiodaroneAmiodarone
Li et al71RCTChina1081 Year/22/5Perindopril+amiodarone+CTCT
Wen72RCTChina80/2 Years02/5Low-dose aspirinHigh-dose aspirin
Chen73RCTChina200/1 Year22/5Low-dose warfarinHigh-dose warfarin
Xu et al74RCTChina200/1 Year02/5Metoprolol; metoprolol+spironolactone; metoprolol+valsartanNo treatment
Huang et al75RCTChina1531 Year/23/5Rosuvastatin+amiodarone + CTAmiodarone+CT
Zhao and Dong76RCTChina981 Year/03/5Atorvastatin+CTCT
Feng et al77RCTChina644 Weeks/02/5Maixuekang+warfarin+CTCT+warfarin
Bo et al78RCTChina1601 Month6 Months22/5Amiodarone+wenxin granuleAmiodarone
Zhang and Peng79RCTChina8030 Days/23/5CT+modified Buuyang huanwu decoctionCT
Chen et al80RCTChina603 Months/22/5Jianxin pinglv pill+warfarin+metoprololWarfarin+metoprolol
Cao et al81RCTChina2204 Weeks/23/5CT+shensong yangxin capsuleCT
Chang and Zhou82RCTChina888 Weeks/23/5Atorvastatin+wenxin granule+CTCT+amiodarone
Fan83RCTChina1126 Months/01/5Losartan+amiodarone +shensong yangxin capsuleLosartan+amiodarone
Ye84RCTChina804 Weeks/02/5Wenxin granule+propafenonePropafenone
Wang85RCTChina603 Months/02/5Taoren honghua decoction+warfarinWarfarin
Cheng et al86RCTChina200180 Days/03/5Yangxin guicao decoction+CTCT
Han et al87RCTChina604 Weeks/23/5Xifeng Zhiji decoction+metoprololMetoprolol
Peng88RCTChina961 Year/02/5CT+Amiodarone+shexiang baoxin pillCT+amiodarone
Zhang89RCTChina18012 Weeks/22/5Wenxin granule+CTCT
Pan et al90RCTChina653 Months/02/5Amiodarone+jianxin pinglv pillAmiodarone
Huang91RCTChina1201 Year/02/5CT+valsartan+dabuyuan decoctionCT+valsartan
Li et al92RCTChina901 Month/03/5Shensong yangxin capsule+Amiodarone + CTAmiodarone+CT
Wang and Wang93RCTChina723 Months/03/5Wenxin granule+CTCT
Cui94RCTChina808 Weeks/22/5Zhigancao decoction+metoprololMetoprolol
Bi95RCTChina708 Weeks/03/5Dingxin granuleAmiodarone
Zhang96RCTChina11624 Weeks/03/5Shensong yangxin capsule+CTCT
Chen et al97RCTChina604 Weeks/23/5Zhigancao decoction+amiodaroneAmiodarone
Liu et al98RCTChina684 Weeks/22/5Dingxin granule+metoprololMetoprolol
Zhang99RCTChina846 Months/01/5CT+amiodarone+wenxin granuleCT+amiodarone
Granger et al100RCTInternational13 3971–4 Years/43/5ApixabanWarfarin
Held et al101RCTInternational18 2011–4 Years/43/5ApixabanWarfarin
Jaspers et al102RCTInternational18 2011–4 Years30 Months*53/5ApixabanWarfarin
Bahit et al103RCTInternational18 1401–4 Years/23/5EdoxabanWarfarin
Alexander et al104RCTInternational17 3701–4 Years1.8 Years†23/5Higher-dose edoxaban; lower-dose edoxabanWarfarin
Hu et al105RCTInternational18 2011–4 Years1 Year43/5AapixabanWarfarin
Pengo et al106RCTItaly180/≥30 Days23/5Pharmacogenetic warfarin dosingStandard warfarin dosing
Steffel et al107RCTInternational2492907 Days†2.8 Years†15/5EdoxabanWarfarin
Yamashita et al108RCTInternational1943907 Days†2.8 Years†65/5WarfarinEdoxaban
Kato et al109RCTInternational21 105907 Days†2.8 Years†45/5Higher-dose edoxaban; lower-dose edoxabanWarfarin
Meng et al110RCTChina180/12 Months33/5Wenxin granuleSotalol
Wang et al111RCTChina1511 Year1 Year43/5Aspirin+naoxintong capsuleWarfarin
Brambatti et al112RCTUSA18 113/2 Years35/5DabigatranWarfarin
Verdecchia et al113RCTUSA10 372/2 Years35/5DabigatranWarfarin
Tan et al114RCTChina126/2 Years25/5FluvastatiPlacebo
Shah et al115RCTInternational52051 Year668 Days†23/5AspirinRivaroxaban
Sun et al116RCTInternational14 2361 Year668 Days†23/5RivaroxabanWarfarin
Yao et al117RCTChina921 Year/03/5Fluvastatin+benazeprilFluvastatin
Goette et al118RCT.International219928 Days30 Days43/5EdoxabanEnoxaparin-warfarin
Magnani et al119RCTInternational14 071907 Days2.8 Years55/5EdoxabanWarfarin
Senoo et al120RCTUK4556/11.6 Months33/5SR34006Warfarin or acenocoumarol
Hijazi et al121RCTInternational16 8691 Year/43/5ApixabanWarfarin
Cadrin et al122RCTCanada1376/37 Months†34/5Rhythm controlRate control therapy
Maciag et al123RCTPoland74//54/5AntazolineControl
Ng et al124RCTInternational5599/1.1 Years44/5ApixabanAcetylsalicylic acid
Inoue et al125RCTJapan1272 Weeks/53/55 mg fixed dose β-Blockers10 mg dose-escalation group; 20 mg dose-escalation group
Dong et al126RCTChina79/19.84 Months†22/5Intravenous ibutilideIntravenous amiodarone+Intravenous ibutilide
Hong et al127RCTSouth Korea1834 Weeks7 Days45/5RivaroxabanWarfarin sodium
Tan et al128RCTChina1182 Years/22/5Fluvastatin+CTCT
Zhang et al129RCTChina1201 Year/02/5CT+low-dose rosuvastatin; CT+high-dose rosuvastatinCT
Zhou et al130RCTChina1866 Months/23/5TelmisartanNon-ARB and non-ACEI
Qian et al131RCTChina854 Weeks/03/5TCM+CTCT
Di et al132RCTChina506 Months/32/5Telmisartan+amiodaroneAmiodarone
Liu 133RCTChina2002 Months/03/5ValsartanNifedipine
Yu et al134RCTChina146/1 Year22/5Amiodarone +rosuvastatin+valsartanAmiodarone+valsartan
Zhang and Jiao135RCTChina158/1–2 Years22/5Warfarin+CGAWarfarin
Li et al136RCTChina1201 Year/01/5Telmisartan+CTAmlodipine+CT
Pang et al137RCTChina606 Months/22/5ValsartanAmlodipine
Wang 138RCTChina12612 Weeks/23/5Atorvastatin+irbesartan+CTIrbesartan+CT
Yan et al139RCTChina1241 Year/03/5Benapril+amiodarone+CTAmiodarone+CT
Huang et al140RCTChina1256 Months/22/5Valsartan+CTNifedipine+CT
Yuan and Liu141RCTChina921 Year/22/5Candesartan+CTCT
Chen et al142RCTChina102/1 Year22/5RivaroxabanWarfarin
Tu143RCTChina124/1 Year02/5WarfarinAspirin
Bassand et al144CoSInternational17 162/2 Years07/9Antithrombotic treatment
Haas et al145CoSInternational9934/1 Year07/9VKAs
Chan et al146CoSChina571/2.6 Years*45/9DabigatranWarfarin
Chan et al147CoSChina2153/4.2 Years*46/9DabigatranWarfarin
Xie et al148CoSUSA127 068/30 days27/9ApixabanWarfarin
Bengtson et al149CoSUSA61 648/15 Months†45/9Dabigatran; rivaroxabanWarfarin
Chan et al2016150CSChina115/4 Weeks414/20Warfarin; aspirin; or dabigatran
Hohnloser et al151CoSGermany35 013/218–280 Days45/9Phenprocoumon; anticoagulants
Saji et al152CoSJapan235/30 Days27/9NOACsWarfarin
Korenstra et al153CoSNetherlands920/2 Years58/9DabigatranAcenocoumarol
Naganuma et al154CoSJapan362/1.3 Years38/9DabigatranWarfarin
Sunbul et al155CoSTurkey171/1 Year27/9Coumadin; dabigatran;rivaroxaban
Yao et al156CoSUSA76 354/0.5–0.7 Year*34/9Dabigatran; rivaroxaban; apixabanWarfarin
Ezekowitz et al157RCTUSA5851/4.6 Years†35/5Dabigatran 150 mgDabigatran 110 mg
Camm et al158CSUK6785/1 Year517/20Rivaroxaban
Marquez-Contreras et al159CSSpain412/1 Year214/20Rivaroxaban
Tepper et al160CoSUSA45 338/1.1 Years†19/9Warfarin
Li et al161CoSUSA76 940/1 Year28/9WarfarinApixaban
Marquez et al162CSSpain412/1 Year214/20Rivaroxaban
Larsen et al163CoSDenmark61 678/2.5 Years26/9Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulantsWarfarin
Kilickiran et al164CoSTurkey294280–336 days/36/9DabigatranRivaroxaban
Inoue et al165CoSJapan6148/2 Years24/9Dabigatran
Chan et al166CoSChina5426/3.6 Years*25/9WarfarinAspirin; no therapy
Laliberte et al167CoSCanada13 049/114 and 123.7 Days*34/9RivaroxabanWarfarin
Lee et al168CoSKorea321/2.3 Months*36/9VKAs
Lau et al169CoSChina8152/501 Days*06/9DabigatranWarfarin
Ho et al170CoSChina8754/3 Years*45/9AspirinDabigatran; warfarin
Chan et al171CoSChina9727/2Yyears27/9WarfarinAspirin
Chao et al172CoSChina101 243/4.9 Years*07/9BetablockersCalcium channel blockers; digoxin
Pastori et al173CoSItaly815/33.2 Months†26/9Digoxin
Chen et al174CoSChina10 384/3.2 Years26/9Anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy
Engelberger et al175CoSSwitzerland537/3 Months45/9Rivaroxaban
Li et al176RCTChina137/1 Year02/5Low-dose warfarinUnclear
Tung et al177CSCanada148 446/5 Years110/20Warfarin
Wu et al178CoSChina4638/2.4 Years†48/9StatinNon-statin
Kodani et al179CoSJapan6616/5 Years16/9Warfarin; NOACsNo anticoagulation therapy
Yamashita et al180CoSJapan6404/2 Years07/9Warfarin
Kumagai et al181CoSJapan6404/2 Years07/9Warfarin+statinWarfarin alone
Blin et al182CoSFrance8894/28–29 Months28/9VKAs:
Piccini et al183CoSUSA10 135/2.3Years†05/9Unclear
Allen et al184CoSUSA9619/22 Months*37/9Digoxin
Genovesi et al185CoSItaly290/2 Years07/9Warfarin
Qin et al186CoSUSA5952/26.1 Months47/9Antiarrhythmic drugs
Purmah et al187CoSInternational3119/1 Year27/9Rate controlRhythm control
Pasca et al188CSItaly143/1 Year215/20Oral anticoagulant therapyNo oral anticoagulant therapy
Nielsen et al189CoSDenmark55 644/2.3 Years*18/9NOACsWarfarin
Bo et al190CoSItaly452/300.5 Days*27/9Oral anticoagulant therapyNo oral anticoagulant therapy
Jacobs et al191CoSUSA5254/243 Days*27/9DOACsWarfarin
Lip et al192CoSInternational29 338/90–127 Days28/9WarfarinApixaban, dabigatran or rivaroxaban.
Hanon et al193CSFrance405/6 Months414/20Rivaroxaban
Patti et al194CoSInternational6412/1 Year28/9Antithrombotic therapies
Graham et al195CoSUSA118 891/108 and 111 Days*46/9DabigatranRivaroxaban
Tampieri et al196CSItaly218/30 Days115/20Anticoagulation
Lee et al197CoSSouth Korea754/3.2–3.5 years*27/9VKAsNo vitamin K antagonist
Stolk et al198CoSNetherlands30 146/1–3 Years25/9DOACs; VKAs; low-dose aspirin or mixed users
Boriani et al199CoSInternational2589/1 Year27/9According to AF type
Eisen et al200RCTInternational21 105907 Days#2.8 Years#37/9DigoxinNo Digoxin
Wan and Deng201RCTChina2923 Months3 Months02/5Dabigatran+clopidogrelClopidogrel
Jian 202RCTChina1283 Months/02/5Dabigatran+CTWarfarin+CT
Gao 203RCTChina71/1 Year03/5Low-dose warfarinNormal-dose warfarin
Wang 204RCTChina84/1 Year03/5WarfarinWarfarin
DM Zhang and HM Zhang 205RCTChina81/1 Year02/5WarfarinWarfarin
Haqingaowa et al206RCTChina1466 Months/23/5Rivaroxaban+CTWarfarin+CT
Chen et al207RCTChina861 Year/23/5Rivaroxaban+CTWarfarin+CT
Chen et al208RCTChina160/6 Months21/5Maixuekang capsuleAspirin
Li and Yue209RCTChina764 Weeks/03/5TCM+dabigatran+aspirinDabigatran+aspirin
Yu 210RCTChina804 Weeks/02/5Xuefu Zhuyu decoction+dabigatranDabigatran
RR et al211RCTInternational245/1 Year55/5Targeted therapy+CTCT
Ezekowitz et al212RCTInternational1500/30 and 90 Days*23/5ApixabanHeparin/VKA
Li X et al213RCTChina66/6 Months12/5Genotype-based anticoagulant therapy with warfarinRoutine warfarin therapy
Yamashita et al214RCTJapan2204 weeks/42/5Bisoprolol transdermal patchBisoprolol fumarate oral formulation
Bartlett et al215CoSUSA28612.4 months†16.5 Months†67/9Rivaroxaban with concomitant diltiazemRivaroxaban
Andersson et al216CoSDenmark9212/1 Year28/9DabigatranWarfarin
Deitelzweig et al217CoSUSA25 857/5–6 Months†18/9ApixabanRivaroxaban, dabigatran, warfarin
Friberg and Oldgren218CoSSweden68 056/0.71 and 1.74 Years†38/9NOACWarfarin
Hernandez et al219CoSUSA41 336/185–294 Days*58/9Apixaban;dabigatran; rivaroxaban; warfarinNever used oral anticoagulation
Pohjantahti et al220CoSFinland200/1 Year67/9VernakalantFlecainide
Koretsune et al221CoSJapan18 261/1 Year58/9DabigatranWarfarin
Lai et al222CoSChina2592/3.86–4.95 Years*38/9Amiodarone; amiodarone+digoxinDigoxin
Li WH et al223CoSChina2099/21.7 Months*68/9WarfarinRivaroxaban; dabigatran
Link et al224CoSInternational21 099907 Days*1022 Days†57/9WarfarinHigh-dose edoxaban; low-dose edoxaban
Lip et al225CoSDenmark14 020/2.6 Years*38/9Apixaban; dabigatran; rivaroxabanWarfarin
Noseworthy et al226CoSUSA107 373/3 Years28/9WarfarinApixaban; dabigatran; rivaroxaban
Lip et al227CoSUSA321 182/1 Year48/9Apixaban; warfarin; dabigatran; rivaroxaban
Martinez et al228CoSThe USA6836/1.4 Years†38/9RivaroxabanWarfarin
Gieling et al229CoSThe UK31 497/0.95–2.94 Years*68/9NOACs; VKA; aspirin; mixed
Go et al230CoSThe USA50 57866 Days†102–123 Days*38/9DabigatranWarfarin
Forslund et al231CoSSweden22 198/1.07 and 1.61 Years*68/9Dabigatran; rivaroxaban; apixabanWarfarin
Sjalander et al232CoSSweden64 382208–407 Days*/38/9Dabigatran; rivaroxaban; apixabanWarfarin
Corbalan et al233CoSInternational21 105/2.8 Years58/9EdoxabanWarfarin
Bae et al234CSKorea1350/3 Years316/20Non-VKAVKA

  • *Mean follow-up.

  • †Median follow-up.

  • ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist; CGA, comprehensive geriatric assessment; CS, case series; CT, conventional therapy; CoS, cohort study; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; NOACs, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; VKAs, vitamin K antagonists.