Table 1

Summary of variable names, symbols and interpretation

Name of variable	Symbol	Variable description
Research impact	snc_i	Sum of normalised citations received by all articles published by all organisations in country i across the years
Innovation index		Evidence-based innovative value of all articles published by country i
Average contribution to publication of international collaborators		Extent to which international collaboration contributed on average to an article published by country i
Average no of publications per domestic organisation		Ratio between total no of articles published by country i and total no of unique organisations in country i
Efficiency		Extent to which country i’s connections to other countries are non-redundant
Geographical entropy		Geographical dispersion of country i’s collaborations (ie, diversity of the geographical locations of country i’s collaborators)