Correlates of smoking in rural and urban Zambia—multinomial logistic regression (RRR)
| Urban | Rural | ||
| RRR | |||
| Base outcome | Non-smokers | ||
| Type of smoking | Pipe and other smokers | ||
| Socioeconomic and demographic variables | |||
| Age | 15–19 (RC) | 1 | |
| 25–29 | 14.71*** | ||
| (2.65–81.72) | |||
| 30–34 | 16.75*** | ||
| (2.85–98.60) | |||
| 35–39 | 15.72*** | ||
| (2.56–96.36) | |||
| 40–44 | 17.87*** | ||
| (2.86–111.64) | |||
| 45–49 | 41.51*** | ||
| (6.87–250.65) | |||
| 50–54 | 20.08*** | ||
| (2.99–134.92) | |||
| Relationship to the household head | Head (RC) | 1 | |
| Father/mother | 14.29** | ||
| (1.66–122.79) | |||
| Occupation | Not working (RC) | 1 | |
| Other occupation | 8.46*** | ||
| (2.95–24.20) | |||
| Agricultural—self employed | 2.37*** | ||
| (1.39–4.02) | |||
| Education status | No education (RC) | 1 | |
| Primary | 0.36† | ||
| (0.11–1.16) | |||
| Gender | Male (RC) | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.05*** | 0.01*** | |
| (0.01–0.39) | (0.01–0.07) | ||
| Religion (denomination) | Catholic (RC) | 1 | 1 |
| Protestant | 0.39† | ||
| (0.14–1.11) | |||
| Muslims | 18.55** | ||
| (1.81–189.77) | |||
| Wealth index | Low (RC) | 1 | |
| Middle | 0.31*** | ||
| (0.14–0.67) | |||
| High | 0.16** | ||
| (0.04–0.73) | |||
CI in parentheses,
***p<0.01, **p<0.05.
†p<0.1
RC, reference category.; RRR, relative risk ratio.