Clinical characteristics of the different age groups
| Characteristic or parameter | 50-57 years (n=196) | 58–68 years (n=190) | 69–94 years (n=194) | Total (n=580) | P value |
| Age, years | 53.33±1.96 | 62.64±3.04 | 78.57±6.83 | 64.82±11.38 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 135 (68.9%) | 114 (60.0%) | 117 (60.3%) | 366 (63.1%) | 0.122 |
| Smoking (%) | 71 (36.2%) | 56 (29.5%) | 39 (20.1%) | 166 (28.6%) | 0.002 |
| CVD (%) | 45 (23.0%) | 65 (34.2%) | 123 (63.4%) | 233 (40.2%) | <0.001 |
| DM (%) | 82 (41.8%) | 91 (47.9%) | 112 (57.7%) | 285 (49.1%) | 0.006 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.96±3.10 | 24.68±3.40 | 24.55±3.78 | 24.73±3.44 | 0.48 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 126.88±15.47 | 129.54±16.25 | 139.51±18.66 | 131.97±17.68 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 83.19±10.77 | 81.36±9.91 | 80.13±10.7 | 81.57±10.53 | 0.015 |
| ABI | 1.13±0.07 | 1.14±0.07 | 1.11±0.08 | 1.13±0.07 | <0.001 |
| CAVI | 7.62±0.83 | 8.23±0.87 | 9.44±1.363 | 8.43±1.29 | <0.001 |
| LS BMD, g/cm2 | 1.13±0.17 | 1.08±0.19 | 1.09±0.23 | 1.10±0.20 | 0.068 |
| FN BMD, g/cm2 | 0.91±0.13 | 0.87±0.14 | 0.79±0.15 | 0.86±0.15 | <0.001 |
| TH BMD, g/cm2 | 0.98±0.14 | 0.94±0.14 | 0.88±0.17 | 0.94±0.16 | <0.001 |
| WCC, 109/L | 5.97±1.57 | 5.70±1.67 | 5.85±1.47 | 5.84±1.57 | 0.24 |
| NLR | 2.04±1.02 | 2.08±1.06 | 2.72±1.99 | 2.28±1.46 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 3.22±0.78 | 3.33±0.89 | 3.52±0.88 | 3.36±0.86 | 0.003 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.80±1.23 | 1.56±1.09 | 1.26±0.61 | 1.54±1.03 | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.64±0.98 | 4.52±1.02 | 3.98±1.06 | 4.38±1.06 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.16±0.29 | 1.19±0.36 | 1.11±0.31 | 1.15±0.32 | 0.044 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.76±0.84 | 2.68±0.90 | 2.29±0.90 | 2.58±0.90 | <0.001 |
| UA, umol/L | 369.64±98.05 | 344.83±100.54 | 362.26±99.69 | 359.04±99.79 | 0.043 |
| ESR, mm/hour | 7.98±8.95 | 8.31±6.70 | 14.28±13.22 | 10.22±10.42 | <0.001 |
| EGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.146±14.38 | 81.08±14.15 | 60.33±15.63 | 76.19±18.69 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as the mean±SD or percentage. The p value was calculated by Student’s t-test or the χ2 test.
ABI, ankle brachial index; BMD, bone mineral density; LS BMD, BMD in the lumbar spine; FN BMD, femoral neck BMD; TH BMD, total hip BMD; BMI, body mass index; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index;CVD, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; WCC, white cell count; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.