Relative indirect effect of ethnic group on birth outcomes, with 95% CIs, England and Wales, births 2006–2012
| Neonatal mortality | Infant mortality | Preterm birth | |
| White British | (Comparison group) | (Comparison group) | (Comparison group) |
| White (other) | _ | −20.1% (−35.9 to −4.4) | −8.8% (−9.5 to −8.0) |
| Indian | 14.7% (8.5 to 20.1) | 21.0% (10.4 to 31.6) | 29.7% (19.9 to 39.4) |
| Pakistani | 14.0% (11.3 to 16.7) | 13.9% (12.2 to 15.6) | _ |
| Bangladeshi | _ | 40.0% (24.4 to 55.2) | _ |
| Black Caribbean | 13.4% (10.5 to 16.3) | 16.8% (13.0 to 20.7) | 19.3% (17.0 to 21.5) |
| Black African | 18.6% (14.1 to 23.1) | 22.6% (18.5 to 27.0) | 78.2% (64.2 to 92.2) |
| Mixed or other | _ | _ | _ |
| Not stated | 1.6% (0.8 to 2.3) | 2.5% (0.6 to 4.4) | _ |
Indirect effects are differences relative to the comparison group; they were not calculated in groups and outcomes where there was no evidence of an unadjusted effect of ethnicity on socioeconomic circumstances (path a) or of an adjusted effect of socioeconomic circumstances on birth outcome (path b′).