Multivariable regression results of multilevel models Punjab (MICS 2014)
| Severe underweight (> −3SD) | |||
| Variables | Model 1† | Model 2‡OR (95% CI) | Model 3§ OR (95% CI) |
| Child age group (reference category 0–5 months) | |||
| 6–11 | 0.95 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.94 (0.7 to 1.2) | |
| 12–23 | 1.15 (0.9 to 1.5) | 1.17 (0.9 to 1.5) | |
| 24–35 | 1.20 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.19 (0.9 to 1.5) | |
| 36–47 | 0.65 (0.3 to 1.7) | 0.65 (0.3 to 1.6) | |
| 48–59 | 0.45 (0.2 to 1.2) | 0.45 (0.2 to 1.1) | |
| Child gender (reference category Girls) | |||
| Boys | 0.88** (0.8 to 1.0) | 0.88* (0.8 to 1.0) | |
| Child birth order (reference category First born) | |||
| 2 | 1.42*** (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.40*** (1.2 to 1.6) | |
| 3+ | 2.42*** (1.8 to 3.3) | 2.35*** (1.8 to 3.0) | |
| Child size at birth (reference category Large size) | |||
| Average | 1.58** (1.2 to 2.2) | 1.58* (1.1 to 2.2) | |
| Small | 3.24*** (2.4 to 4.4) | 3.13*** (2.2 to 4.5) | |
| Diarrhoea (reference category No) | |||
| Yes | 1.60*** (1.4 to 1.9) | 1.58*** (1.4 to 1.8) | |
| Breast feeding (reference category Yes) | |||
| No | 1.65** (1.1 to 2.4) | 1.69** (1.2 to 2.3) | |
| Household sex (reference category female) | |||
| Male | 0.80 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.77 (0.5 to 1.2) | |
| Mother’s education (reference category No education) | |||
| Primary | 0.70*** (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.82* (0.7 to 1.0) | |
| Middle | 0.50*** (0.4 to 0.6) | 0.64*** (0.5 to 0.8) | |
| Secondary | 0.44*** (0.3 to 0.6) | 0.60*** (0.5 to 0.8) | |
| Higher | 0.27*** (0.2 to 0.4) | 0.37*** (0.3 to 0.5) | |
| Mother’s age (reference category age of women <18 years of age) | |||
| 18–24 | 0.97 (0.7 to 1.4) | 0.98 (0.8 to 1.3) | |
| 25–35 | 0.98 (0.7 to 1.4) | 0.97 (0.8 to 1.2) | |
| 36–49 | 0.98 (0.7 to 1.3) | 0.95 (0.7 to 1.2) | |
| Prenatal care (reference category 1–4 visits) | |||
| More than four visits | 1.11 (1.0 to 1.3) | 1.21 (1.0 to 1.5) | |
| Postnatal care to female health worker visit (reference category Yes) | |||
| No | 0.89 (1.0 to 1.3) | 0.94 (1.0 to 1.4) | |
| Delivery place (reference category Home) | |||
| Hospital | 0.79** (0.7 to 0.9) | 0.84* (0.7 to 1.0) | |
| Mother smokes (reference category No) | |||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.89 (0.7 to 1.1) | |
| Father’s education (reference category No education) | |||
| Primary | 0.80*** (0.7 to 0.9) | 0.86 (0.7 to 1.0) | |
| Middle | 0.63*** (0.5 to 0.8) | 0.71*** (0.6 to 0.8) | |
| Secondary | 0.50*** (0.4 to 0.6) | 0.58*** (0.5 to 0.7) | |
| Higher | 0.44*** (0.3 to 0.6) | 0.53*** (0.4 to 0.7) | |
| Wealth index (reference category Poor) | |||
| Middle | 0.78** (0.7 to 0.9) | ||
| Rich | 0.59*** (0.5 to 0.7) | ||
| HH size (reference category HH size 3–4 members) | |||
| 5–6 members | 1.05 (0.9 to 1.3) | ||
| 7–8 members | 1.17 (1.0 to 1.4) | ||
| >8 members | 1.07 (0.9 to 1.3) | ||
| Ethnicity (Reference category Urdu) | |||
| Punjabi | 0.88 (0.6 to 1.2) | ||
| Saraikai | 0.82 (0.6 to 1.2) | ||
| Others | 0.90 (0.6 to 1.3) | ||
| Sanitation facility (reference category Unimproved) | |||
| Improved | 0.83** (0.7 to 0.9) | ||
| Drinking water facility (reference category Unimproved) | |||
| Improved | 1.20 (0.9 to 1.6) | ||
| Water treatment (reference category Untreated) | |||
| Treated | 0.80 (0.6 to 1.1) | ||
| Media exposure (reference category No) | |||
| Yes | 0.82** (0.7 to 0.9) | ||
| Region (reference category Rural) | |||
| Urban | 0.91* (0.8 to 1.0) | 1.04 (0.9 to 1.2) | |
| Division (reference category Rawalpindi division) | |||
| Bahawalpur | 1.72** (1.2 to 2.4) | ||
| D.G. Khan | 1.74** (1.2 to 2.4) | ||
| Faisalabad | 1.71*** (1.2 to 2.4) | ||
| Gujranwala | 1.17 (0.9 to 1.6) | ||
| Lahore | 1.54** (1.1 to 2.1) | ||
| Multan | 1.47* (1.1 to 2.1) | ||
| Sahiwal | 1.43* (1.0 to 2.0) | ||
| Sargodha | 1.45* (1.0 to 2.1) | ||
| Constant | −2.85*** | 0.36*** (0.2 to 0.5) | 0.05*** (0.0 to 0.1) |
| Variation at different levels | |||
| Level 1 (Household) | 1.949*** | 1.961*** | 1.949*** |
| Level 2 (Community) | 0.278*** | 0.188*** | 0.165** |
| Level 3 (District) | 0.161** | 0.022* | 0.009 |
| Log pseudolikelihood | −8067.020 | −13872.00 | −7610.8 |
| Observations | 24 042 | 24 042 | 24 042 |
*P<0.05; **p<0.01; ***;<0.001.
†Base model (unconditional three level hierarchical model).
‡Hierarchical model with child and parental characteristics.
§Hierarchical model with child, parental, household and division.