Table 2

Risk of bias within studies

Type of biasArendts
et al 25
Braes
et al 18
Cotter
et al 27
Graf
et al 26
Lee
et al 28
Meldon
et al 23
Moons
et al 17
Salvi
et al 19
Singler
et al 20
Suffoletto
et al 21
McCusker
et al 22
Low
et al 24
Design Embedded Image Embedded Image NA Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image
Setting Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image
Data collection Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image NA Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image
Withdrawals and dropouts Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image
Statistical analysis Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image
Global rating Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image Embedded Image
  • NA, not available; Embedded Image, low risk of bias; Embedded Image, moderate risk of bias; Embedded Image, high risk of bias. Global rating: LOW=no high risk of bias, MODERATE=1 high risk of bias, HIGH=2 or more high risk of bias.