Participant demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics at baseline
| Characteristics | Total (n=106) | Men (n=34; 32%) | Women (n=72; 68%) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 78.8 (7.0) | 77.9 (6.6) | 79.3 (7.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2), n=101 | |||
| BMI, median (IQR) | 26.0 (23.1, 30.7) | 26.9 (24.7, 30.1) | 25.7 (23.0, 31.7) |
| BMI categories | |||
| Normal (18–24.99) | 40 (39.6) | 8 (25.8) | 32 (45.7) |
| Overweight (25–30) | 31 (30.7) | 15 (48.4) | 16 (22.9) |
| Obese (>30) | 30 (29.7) | 8 (25.8) | 22 (31.4) |
| Falls and falls risk | |||
| Number of falls, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 5) | 3 (2, 6) | 2 (1, 3.5) |
| Physiological falls risk, n (%) | |||
| Mild/moderate risk (1–2) | 2 (1.9) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) |
| High risk (2–3) | 36 (34.0) | 12 (35.3) | 24 (33.3) |
| Marked risk (≥3) | 68 (64.2) | 21 (61.8) | 47 (65.3) |
| Fear of falling, n (%) (n=90) | |||
| None/mild (1–2) | 17 (18.9) | 9 (30.0) | 8 (13.3) |
| Moderate (3) | 51 (56.7) | 14 (46.7) | 37 (61.7) |
| High (4) | 22 (24.4) | 7 (23.3) | 15 (25.0) |
| Sarcopenia, n=105 | |||
| Met criteria for sarcopenia | 83 (78.3) | 23 (69.7) | 60 (83.3) |
| Fractures and fracture risk | |||
| BMD*, median (IQR) (n=92) | −2.2 (−2.6,–1.2) | −2.15 (−2.60, –1.20) | −2.20 (−2.70, –1.20) |
| BMD categories, n (%) | |||
| Normal (>−1) | 18 (19.6) | 5 (19.2) | 13 (19.7) |
| Osteopenia (−2.5 to −1) | 41 (44.6) | 11 (42.3) | 30 (45.5) |
| Osteoporosis (<−2.5) | 33 (35.9) | 10 (38.5) | 23 (34.9) |
| FRAX, n (%) | |||
| Low risk | 12 (11.3) | 9 (26.5) | 3 (4.2) |
| Intermediate risk | 51 (48.1) | 19 (55.9) | 32 (44.4) |
| High risk | 43 (40.6) | 6 (17.6) | 37 (51.4) |
| Biological measures, median (IQR) | |||
| Albumin (g/L) (n=97) | 42 (40, 44) | 41.0 (38.0, 43.0) | 43.0 (41.0, 45.0) |
| Calcium† (mmol/L) (n=92) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) | 2.3 (2.3, 2.4) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) |
| Creatinine (nmol/L) (n=98) | 80 (65, 98) | 90.0 (75.0, 110.0) | 76.0 (62.5, 85.5) |
| eGFR (mL/min) (n=96) | 66 (53, 85) | 73.0 (55.0, 85.0) | 65.5 (53.0, 80.0) |
| Hb (g/L) (n=94) | 134 (124, 141) | 134.0 (121.0, 147.0) | 134.0 (126.0, 140.0) |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) (n=94) | 65 (48, 84.5) | 60.0 (48.0, 72.0) | 67.0 (48.0, 87.0) |
| PTH (pmol/L) (n=82) | 6.2 (4.3, 8.8) | 6.7 (4.6, 9.0) | 5.7 (4.2, 8.6) |
| TSH (mlU/L) (n=85) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.2) |
*Bone mineral density (BMD) T-score is measured at the femoral neck.
† Corrected calcium.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb, haemoglobin; PTH, parathyroid hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.