Use of critical care medications classified by the duration of mechanical ventilation
| MV durations | Total (n=22 677) | MV<48 hours (n=5480) | 48hrs≤MV<7 days (n=8903) | MV≥7 days (n=8294) | P value* |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Analgo-sedatives | 19 941 (87.9) | 4143 (75.6) | 7886 (88.6) | 7912 (95.4) | <0.01 |
| Sedatives | 17 513 (77.2) | 3186 (58.1) | 6909 (77.6) | 7418 (89.4) | <0.01 |
| Days of use | 4 (2–9) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (1–6) | 7 (3–15) | <0.01 |
| % person days | 45.1 (40.3) | 43.5 (44.9) | 47.8 (40.0) | 43.4 (37.0) | <0.01 |
| Midazolam | 14 069 (62.0) | 2196 (40.1) | 5406 (60.7) | 6467 (78.0) | <0.01 |
| Lorazepam | 5980 (26.4) | 871 (15.9) | 2163 (24.3) | 2946 (35.5) | <0.01 |
| Propofol | 323 (1.4) | 52 (0.9) | 112 (1.3) | 159 (1.9) | <0.01 |
| Analgesics total | 14 744 (65.0) | 2921 (53.3) | 5499 (61.8) | 6324 (76.2) | <0.01 |
| Opioid analgesics | 11 477 (50.6) | 2254 (41.1) | 4227 (47.5) | 4996 (60.2) | <0.01 |
| Days of use | 3.0 (1–10) | 2 (1–6) | 3 (1–7) | 5 (2–14) | <0.01 |
| % person days | 28.1 (38.6) | 32.6 (43.8) | 28.5 (38.7) | 24.6 (34.1) | <0.01 |
| Daily MED (mg) | 23.8 (9.3–85.2) | 23.3 (10–78.3) | 25.0 (9.0–88.7) | 23.1 (9.3–87.2) | 0.86 |
| Intravenous | 10 760 (47.4) | 2107 (38.4) | 3942 (44.3) | 4711 (56.8) | <0.01 |
| Daily MED (mg) | 15.7 (8.3–60) | 15.2 (8.3–46.4) | 15.4 (8.3–54) | 15.7 (8.25–78.5) | <0.01 |
| Enteral | 2635 (11.6) | 512 (9.3) | 1016 (11.4) | 1107 (13.3) | <0.01 |
| Daily MED (mg) | 16.0 (9.6–40) | 32.5 (12.5–90) | 20.0 (10–56.3) | 13.3 (7.5–22.2) | <0.01 |
| Topical | 1473 (6.5) | 233 (4.3) | 509 (5.7) | 731 (8.8) | <0.01 |
| Daily MED (mg) | 50.0 (30–80) | 60.0 (30–151.2) | 50.0 (30–90) | 45.0 (30–60) | <0.01 |
| Morphine | 3932 (17.3) | 646 (11.8) | 1352 (15.2) | 1934 (23.3) | <0.01 |
| Fentanyl | 2683 (11.8) | 414 (7.6) | 973 (10.9) | 1296 (15.6) | <0.01 |
| Remifentanil | 742 (3.3) | 103 (1.9) | 269 (3.0) | 370 (4.5) | <0.01 |
| Pethidine | 3238 (14.3) | 628 (11.5) | 1081 (12.1) | 1529 (18.4) | <0.01 |
| Non-opioid analgesics | 7713 (34.0) | 1398 (25.5) | 2772 (31.1) | 3543 (42.7) | <0.01 |
| Days of use | 4 (1–15) | 3 (1–12) | 4 (1–12) | 5 (2–19) | <0.01 |
| % person days | 19.7 (35.7) | 20.2 (38.1) | 20.1 (36.2) | 18.8 (33.4) | <0.01 |
| AAP or NSAIDs | 6089 (26.9) | 1091 (19.9) | 2131 (23.9) | 2867 (34.6) | <0.01 |
| Anticonvulsants | 2821 (12.4) | 511 (9.3) | 1026 (11.5) | 1284 (15.5) | <0.01 |
| NMBAs | 6593 (29.1) | 868 (15.8) | 2394 (26.9) | 3331 (40.2) | <0.01 |
| Days of use | 2 (1–4) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–3) | 3 (1–6) | <0.01 |
| % person days | 11.3 (25.3) | 11.5 (29.9) | 12.2 (26.3) | 10.2 (20.6) | <0.01 |
| Vecuronium | 4189 (18.5) | 511 (9.3) | 1450 (16.3) | 2228 (26.9) | <0.01 |
| Rocuronium | 831 (3.7) | 105 (1.9) | 331 (3.7) | 395 (4.8) | <0.01 |
| Cisatracurium | 1614 (7.1) | 153 (2.8) | 568 (6.4) | 893 (10.8) | <0.01 |
| Antipsychotics | 4444 (19.6) | 610 (11.1) | 1683 (18.9) | 2151 (25.9) | <0.01 |
| Days of use | 6 (2–19) | 4 (1–15) | 5 (2–18) | 7 (2–21) | <0.01 |
| % person days | 11.2 (28.5) | 8.1 (25.6) | 12.2 (30.1) | 12.1 (28.5) | <0.01 |
| Haloperidol | 2528 (11.1) | 336 (6.1) | 933 (10.5) | 1259 (15.2) | <0.01 |
| Quetiapine | 2567 (11.3) | 321 (5.9) | 941 (10.6) | 1305 (15.7) | <0.01 |
| Risperidone | 538 (2.4) | 73 (1.3) | 203 (2.3) | 262 (3.2) | <0.01 |
Data presented as n (%) or as median (IQR). Only % person-days presented as mean (SD).
*P-value by Χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables, and by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
AAP, acetaminophen; MED, morphine-equivalent dose; MV, mechanical ventilation; NMBA, neuromuscular blocking agent; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.