Baseline characteristics of study participants by sex
| Women (n=12 346) | Men (n=7309) | Comparing women vs men | Total (n=19 655) | |
| Mean (SD), % | Mean (SD), % | P value* | Mean (SD), % | |
| Sex distribution | 62.8 | 37.2 | <0.001 | – |
| Age | ||||
| Years | 50.4 (9.1) | 50.4 (9.0) | 0.50 | 50.4 (9.1) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 92.7 | 92.6 | 0.80 | 92.7 |
| Other | 7.3 | 7.4 | 0.80 | 7.3 |
| Rural/urban | ||||
| Rural | 25.2 | 23.6 | 0.01 | 24.6 |
| Urban | 74.8 | 76.4 | 0.01 | 75.4 |
| Household income | ||||
| <$20k | 6.8 | 3.2 | <0.001 | 5.4 |
| $20k–29k | 8.5 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 7.3 |
| $30k–49k | 20.0 | 14.5 | <0.001 | 18.0 |
| $50k–79k | 27.0 | 29.7 | <0.001 | 28.0 |
| $80k+ | 37.7 | 47.3 | <0.001 | 41.3 |
| Education level | ||||
| High school or less | 28.7 | 24.4 | <0.001 | 27.1 |
| Some postsecondary | 46.8 | 47.0 | 0.80 | 46.9 |
| Postsecondary | 24.5 | 28.6 | <0.001 | 26.0 |
| Height | ||||
| cm | 163.2 (6.0) | 176.1 (6.5) | <0.001 | 168.0 (8.8) |
| Weight | ||||
| kg | 74.6 (16.3) | 89.7 (15.2) | <0.001 | 80.2 (17.5) |
| BMI | ||||
| kg/m2 | 28.0 (6.0) | 28.9 (4.4) | <0.001 | 28.3 (5.4) |
| BMI category | ||||
| Normal/Underweight | 35.4 | 17.0 | <0.001 | 28.5 |
| Overweight | 34.7 | 48.7 | <0.001 | 39.9 |
| Obese | 29.9 | 34.3 | <0.001 | 31.6 |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| cm | 87.4 (14.1) | 100.0 (11.9) | <0.001 | 92.1 (14.6) |
| Hip circumference | ||||
| cm | 105.1 (12.1) | 102.7 (8.5) | <0.001 | 104.2 (10.9) |
| Waist-hip-ratio | ||||
| Ratio | 0.83 (0.07) | 0.97 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.1) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 47.5 | 43.5 | <0.001 | 46.0 |
| Occasional smoker | 5.5 | 6.2 | 0.04 | 5.8 |
| Former daily smoker | 33.7 | 36.4 | <0.001 | 34.7 |
| Current daily smoker | 13.3 | 13.9 | 0.23 | 13.5 |
| Physically active† | ||||
| No | 52.5 | 48.2 | <0.001 | 50.9 |
| Yes | 47.5 | 51.8 | <0.001 | 49.1 |
| Healthy Eating Index-2005-Canada score (range 0–100) | ||||
| Average | 55.3 (9.4) | 50.8 (8.8) | <0.001 | 53.6 (9.5) |
| Low | 43.2 (5.4) | 42.8 (5.3) | <0.001 | 43.0 (5.4) |
| Medium | 54.1 (2.4) | 53.8 (2.3) | <0.001 | 54.0 (2.4) |
| High | 64.1 (4.4) | 62.6 (3.5) | <0.001 | 63.8 (4.3) |
| Parental history of diabetes | ||||
| No | 78.1 | 80.4 | <0.001 | 78.9 |
| Yes | 21.9 | 19.6 | <0.001 | 21.1 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity | ||||
| 0 | 52.7 | 62.2 | <0.001 | 56.2 |
| 1 | 31.3 | 27.6 | <0.001 | 29.9 |
| 2+ | 16.0 | 10.2 | <0.001 | 13.9 |
*Student t-test and χ2 test were used to compare women and men.
†Categories (Yes/No) were created by whether or not participants reported accumulating at least 210 min moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity recreational physical activities per week in the past 12 months.
BMI, body mass index.