Demographic and clinical baseline characteristics of the cohort
| Variables | Total | Frail | Non-frail |
| n | 696 | 371 (53.3) | 325 (46.7) |
| Female, n (%) | 490 (70.4) | 279 (75.2) | 211 (64.9) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 80.27 (8.62) | 83.7 (7.67) | 76.4 (7.94) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.7 (4.92) | 24.3 (4.61) | 25.2 (5.19) |
| Educational level*, n (%) | |||
| Low | 495 (71.1) | 284 (76.5) | 211 (64.9) |
| Middle | 107 (15.4) | 57 (15.4) | 50 (15.4) |
| High | 94 (13.5) | 30 (8.1) | 64 (19.7) |
| Prefracture living in institution, n (%) | 151 (21.7) | 140 (37.7) | 11 (3.4) |
| Prefracture mobility, n (%) | |||
| Dependent | 360 (51.7) | 94 (25.3) | 266 (81.8) |
| Mobile with aid | 212 (30.5) | 158 (42.6) | 54 (16.7) |
| Independent (immobile) | 124 (17.8) | 119 (32.1) | 5 (1.5) |
| ASA | |||
| 1 | 63 (9.1) | 9 (2.4) | 54 (16.6) |
| 2 | 348 (50.0) | 137 (36.9) | 211 (64.9) |
| 3 | 273 (39.2) | 216 (58.3) | 57 (17.6) |
| 4–5 | 12 (1.7) | 9 (2.4) | 3 (0.9) |
| Dementia, n (%) | 159 (22.8) | 153 (41.2) | 6 (1.8) |
| Proxy respondents, n (%) | 216 (31.0) | 197 (53.1) | 19 (5.8) |
| Type of treatment, n (%) | |||
| Non-operative | 21 (3.0) | 13 (3.5) | 8 (2.4) |
| Intramedullary fixation | 255 (36.6) | 162 (43.7) | 93 (28.6) |
| Cannulated hip screws | 57 (8.2) | 23 (6.2) | 34 (10.5) |
| Hemiarthroplasty | 288 (41.4) | 157 (42.3) | 131 (40.3) |
| Total hip arthroplasty | 75 (10.8) | 16 (4.3) | 59 (18.2) |
| Type of fracture, n (%) | |||
| Intracapsular | 440 (63.2) | 208 (56.1) | 232 (71.4) |
| Extracapsular | 256 (36.8) | 163 (43.9) | 93 (28.6) |
| Length of hospital stay, mean (SD) | 8.28 (5.67) | 9.46 (6.79) | 6.92 (3.67) |
| Discharge to home, yes (%) | 392 (56.3) | 164 (44.2) | 228 (70.2) |
| 1-year mortality, n (%) | 98 (14.1) | 86 (23.2) | 12 (3.7) |
| GFI score, mean (SD) | 4.78 (4.12) | 8.01 (2.78) | 1.09 (1.07) |
| EQ-5D prefracture utility score, mean (SD) | 0.72 (0.28) | 0.55 (0.26) | 0.91 (0.13) |
| EQ-5D prefracture VAS, mean (SD) | 69.7 (20.6) | 57.6 (17.7) | 83.4 (13.6) |
*Educational level: low: no diploma, primary education, preparatory secondary vocational education; middle: university preparatory education, senior general secondary education, senior secondary vocational education and training; high: universities of applied sciences: associate degree or university degree.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists grading; BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimensions; GFI, Groningen Frailty Indicator; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.