Linear regression models assessing association between sociodemographic, healthcare, health factors, primary care dimension mean scores and types of health facilities with unstandardised beta values among 962 patients attending outpatient clinics in South West zone, Malawi, in July–August 2018
| Total Primary care | First contact access | Communication continuity | Continuity relational | Coordination | Services available | Services provided | Community orientation | |
| B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
| Reference | 17.12 (0.55) | 3.10 (0.14) | 3.47 (0.15) | 1.77 (0.16) | 2.96 (0.51) | 3.05 (0.11) | 2.39 (0.19) | 3.37 (0.17) |
| Sex (Ref: M)† | ||||||||
| Female | −0.29 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.11 (0.06)* | 0.25 (0.21) | −0.09 (0.04)* | −0.08 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.06) |
| Age (Ref: 18–30 years)† | ||||||||
| 30–45 years | −0.24 (0.21) | 0.08 (0.05) | −0.15 (0.06)** | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.14 (0.18) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.07) |
| 45–60 years | −0.35 (0.30) | −0.01 (0.07) | −0.31 (0.08)** | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.28) | 0.05 (0.06) | −0.12 (0.10) | −0.05 (0.09) |
| >60 years | 0.07 (0.45) | 0.09 (0.11) | −0.04 (0.12) | 0.13 (0.13) | −0.46 (0.47) | −0.01 (0.09) | −0.18 (0.16) | 0.09 (0.14) |
| Education (Ref: 0–5 years primary)† | ||||||||
| Primary 6–8 | 0.34 (0.23) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.06)* | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.22) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.08) | −0.002 (0.07) |
| Sec school | 0.47 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.004 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.18 (0.22) | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.08)* |
| Post sec school | 0.17 (0.45) | 0.08 (0.11) | −0.03 (0.12) | −0.003 (0.13) | 0.66 (0.41) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.16) | −0.10 (0.14) |
| Time to walk to HF (Ref: <30 mins)† | ||||||||
| 30–60 mins | −0.23 (0.23) | 0.001 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.18 (0.21) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.08) | −0.15 (0.07)* |
| >60 mins | −0.51 (0.23)* | −0.12 (0.06)* | −0.09 (0.06) | −0.19 (0.07)** | −0.37 (0.21) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.08) | −0.21 (0.07)** |
| Disability (Ref: No)† | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.06 (0.29) | −0.09 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.08) | −0.24 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.10) | −0.08 (0.09) |
| Employment (Ref: Yes)† | ||||||||
| No | −0.14 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06)* | −0.19 (0.06)** | 0.08 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.14 (0.07)* |
| Visits frequency in 2 years (Ref: 3–5)† | ||||||||
| >5 times | 0.16 (0.19) | −0.09 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05)* | −0.16 (0.06)** | −0.21 (0.17) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.18 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) |
| Self-rated health (Ref: VP/P/F)† | ||||||||
| G/VG | 0.43 (0.19)* | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.17) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.18 (0.06)** |
| Satisfaction (Ref: VP/P/F)† | ||||||||
| G/VG | 1.41 (0.19)** | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.37 (0.05)** | 0.24 (0.06)** | 0.35 (0.17)* | 0.17 (0.04)** | 0.18 (0.07) | 0.39 (0.06)** |
| Years affiliated with HF(Ref: 6 months to 2 years)† | ||||||||
| 2–4 years | −0.14 (0.36) | −0.01 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.10) | −0.61 (0.39) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.02 (0.12) | −0.05 (0.11) |
| >4 years | −0.19 (0.26) | 0.02 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.08) | −0.33 (0.24) | −0.11 (0.05)* | 0.02 (0.09) | −0.04 (0.08) |
| Type of health facility (Ref: Neno hosp)‡ | ||||||||
| Neno HCs | −0.11 (0.33) | −0.07 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.66 (0.10)** | 1.03 (0.35)** | −0.68 (0.07)** | 0.20 (0.12) | −0.25 (0.10) |
| Thyolo HCs | 3.77 (0.30)** | −1.35 (0.07)** | −0.12 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.09)* | −0.89 (0.32)** | −1.64 (0.06)** | −0.18 (0.11)* | −0.70 (0.09)** |
| Thyolo hospital | 0.36 (0.35) | −0.03 (0.09) | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.68 (0.10)** | −0.37 (0.36) | 0.04 (0.07) | −0.18 (0.12) | −0.11 (0.11)** |
| Blantyre HCs | 2.87 (0.31)** | −0.69 (0.08)** | −0.17 (0.08)* | −0.04 (0.09) | −1.10 (0.31)** | −0.83 (0.06)** | −0.45 (0.11)** | −0.70 (0.10)** |
| R2 | 30.0% | 37.7% | 9.0% | 15.7% | 22.4% | 54.4% | 5.7% | 14.6% |
†Unadjusted linear regression models.
‡Linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, healthcare and health characteristics of patients.
*P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01.
HCs, health centres; HF, health facility.