HPV vaccine coverage and unadjusted/adjusted impact on coverage determined through linear regression, weighted by school size, of school-level predictors and children aged 13–14 years old, England, 2016/2017
| Variable (significance) | Schools (n) | Children (n) | Crude vaccine coverage* (%) | SD of school-level coverage | Unadjusted difference in coverage from baseline (95% CI) | Adjusted difference in coverage from baseline (95% CI)† |
| Denomination of school (p<0.001) | ||||||
| No religious character | 1140 | 73 834 | 82.4 | 25.4 | Baseline | Baseline |
| Church of England/other Christian faith excluding Roman Catholic | 164 | 9201 | 79.8 | 21.8 | −2.5 (−4.7 to 0.4) | −0.7 (−2.9 to 1.5) |
| Roman Catholic | 90 | 6736 | 84.3 | 12.2 | 2.0 (−0.6 to 4.5) | 1.9 (−0.6 to 4.3) |
| Islam/Muslim | 7 | 178 | 56.7 | 24.7 | −25.6 (−40.5 to 10.7) | −24 (−38.2 to −9.8) |
| Jewish | 5 | 356 | 59.6 | 33.6 | −22.8 (−33.4 to 12.3) | −20.5 (−30.7 to −10.4) |
| Other (Hindu, Sikh, Other) | 1 | 48 | 93.8 | – | 11.4 (−17.3 to 40.0) | 10.4 (−16.9 to 37.7) |
| Type of school (p<0.001) | ||||||
| State-funded secondary | 952 | 83 741 | 83.1 | 13.0 | Baseline | Baseline |
| Independent school | 235 | 5693 | 72.8 | 30.9 | −10.3 (−12.9 to 7.7) | −10.3 (−13.0 to −7.5) |
| Special school | 179 | 819 | 56.7 | 35.6 | −26.4 (−33.2 to 19.7) | −26.1 (−32.7 to −19.4) |
| Pupil referral unit | 41 | 100 | 42.0 | 38.9 | −41.1 (−60.3 to 21.8) | −41.1 (−60.0 to −22.2) |
| Urban/Rural classification of school (p=0.03) | ||||||
| Urban | 1165 | 77 645 | 82.0 | 24.4 | Baseline | |
| Rural | 242 | 12 708 | 83.1 | 25.2 | 1.1 (−0.8 to 3.0) | 2.0 (0.1 to 3.9) |
| Sex of school pupils (p=0.07) | ||||||
| Mixed | 1289 | 78 114 | 82.2 | 25.0 | Baseline | Baseline |
| Male | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 118 | 12 239 | 81.7 | 19.8 | −0.5 (−2.5 to 1.4) | 1.8 (−0.1 to 3.7) |
| Region (p<0.001) | ||||||
| South of England | 580 | 36 855 | 81.0 | 24.8 | Baseline | Baseline |
| London | 47 | 3416 | 77.0 | 14.7 | −4.0 (−7.6 to 0.4) | −3.3 (−6.8 to 0.1) |
| Midlands and East of England | 572 | 36 669 | 82.8 | 24.0 | 1.8 (0.4 to 3.3) | 2.0 (0.6 to 3.4) |
| North of England | 208 | 13 413 | 84.6 | 26.7 | 3.6 (1.6 to 5.6) | 3.6 (1.6 to 5.5) |
| Proportion of BME in school LSOA‡ (p<0.001) | ||||||
| <5% | 243 | 20 210 | 85.5 | 13.3 | Baseline | |
| ≥5% and <12% | 302 | 25 210 | 83.7 | 12.1 | −1.8 (−3.7 to 0.1) | −1.6 (−3.8 to 0.6) |
| ≥12% and <34% | 233 | 19 614 | 81.8 | 13.3 | −3.7 (−5.6 to 1.7) | −4.2 (−6.8 to −1.6) |
| ≥34% | 109 | 8742 | 78.0 | 12.9 | −7.5 (−10.0 to 5.0) | −7.1 (−10.8 to −3.3) |
| Deprivation quintile of school LSOA‡ (p<0.001) | ||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 149 | 11 295 | 78.6 | 15.3 | Baseline | Baseline |
| 2 | 157 | 12 318 | 84.0 | 11.4 | 5.3 (2.8 to 7.9) | 3.2 (0.2 to 6.0) |
| 3 | 171 | 14 177 | 82.3 | 13.1 | 3.7 (1.2 to 6.2) | 1.5 (−1.3 to 4.4) |
| 4 | 218 | 18 892 | 83.3 | 13.1 | 4.6 (2.3 to 7.0) | 2.6 (−0.2 to 5.4) |
| 5 (least deprived) | 192 | 17 094 | 85.5 | 11.6 | 6.9 (4.5 to 9.3) | 3.8 (0.9 to 6.8) |
| School size (number of pupils)‡ (p<0.001) | ||||||
| >400 to 1000 | 409 | 26 601 | 82.7 | 13.2 | Baseline | Baseline |
| Up to 400 | 50 | 1397 | 74.9 | 21.7 | −10.6 (−14.3 to 6.8) | −10.4 (−14.1 to −6.8) |
| >1000 | 428 | 45 778 | 83.4 | 10.8 | 1.3 (−0.4 to 3.0) | 1.4 (−0.3 to 3.1) |
| Total | 1407 | 90 353 | 82.1 | 24.6 | ||
Estimates are in bold if p<0.05. Estimates were adjusted for all variables.
*Crude coverage calculated as total numerators divided by total denominators.
†School-level factors (denomination, type of school, urban/rural, sex of school pupils, region) are adjusted for other school-level factors only.
‡Based on a subset of mixed-sex, state-funded secondary schools (n=887).
BME, black or minority ethnic; HPV, human papillomavirus; LSOA, Lower Super Output Area.